A/HRC/39/72 difficulties for internally displaced and urban poor populations to find land where there is no risk of eviction. 51. In 2016 the Federal Government, in collaboration with the United Nations, the World Bank, non-governmental organization (NGOs) and the donor community, developed the Durable Solutions Initiative, an integrated and comprehensive approach for the reintegration of internally displaced persons, in line with the National Development Plan, as a collective framework to identify the causes of displacement and its protracted characteristics, and harmonize comprehensive and inclusive durable solutions, approaches and programming. It promotes a rights- and needs-based approach and simultaneously involves humanitarian, development, peace and State-building partners under the leadership of government authorities and respectful of international standards. The approach is a home-grown policy initiative that aims to address endemic displacement in Somalia. Based on the above principles and in spite of the ongoing fragile humanitarian situation, which has slowed down progress on the Approach, substantial achievements have been made in several areas, including: (a) policy dialogue and development; (b) joint planning and programming; (c) coordination; and (d) creating a base of evidence. 52. An underdeveloped regulatory framework, a weak protective environment and a lack of awareness of their rights have hampered access to justice for internally displaced persons. On 23 October 2009, Somalia signed but has not yet ratified the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (the Kampala Convention), which defines the rights of the displaced and the primary responsibility of national authorities in protecting those rights and ensuring the response to displacement. 53. The Independent Expert urges the Federal Government to adhere to the National Development Plan and the Integrated and Comprehensive Approach principle, in order to safeguard the basic rights of internally displaced persons and to desist from their arbitrary forced evictions. He also urges the Government to guarantee the legal protection for victims of forced eviction, by ensuring their right to due process, remedies and the allocation of alternative land for their settlement. V. Rights of children in Somalia 54. One of the objectives of the Independent Expert’s mission to Somalia was to assess the human rights situation of children in general and in particular the fate of children recaptured from Al-Shabaab. Apart from the abduction of children, the main root causes for the recruitment by Al-Shabaab of young people include socioeconomic and political exclusion, poverty, unemployment and radicalization, or the indoctrination with a violent extremist ideology. A substantial number of children have been abducted by Al-Shabaab from schools and villages to join their ranks. Some children have been known to travel unaccompanied and through hazardous routes to towns deemed safe in order to escape from Al-Shabaab, and have been cared for by civil society organizations. According to the statistics provided by UNSOM, Somalia has one of the youngest populations in the world. It is estimated that 75 per cent of its population is under 30 years old. There has not been an official census in Somalia since before the collapse of the Siad Barre regime. 55. The participation of young persons in decision-making is almost non-existent due to discrimination based on clan and cultural affiliations, age, education and poverty. Young women suffer in particular. Illiteracy is high, with around 55 per cent of young people unable to read or write. The figures reflect harsh realities and can explain why some young people join Al-Shabaab or other armed groups voluntarily. 56. Some of the young people who had been abducted by Al-Shabaab before being recaptured or escaping are undergoing rehabilitation programmes. The Independent Expert visited two rehabilitation camps for recaptured children, one in Mogadishu and another in Puntland. The Independent Expert witnessed the vocational training and psychosocial counselling that the children receive, the majority of whom appeared to be below the age of majority. They are taught skills ranging from mobile telephone repair to courses on electrical engineering, plumbing and motor mechanics. In Puntland, he learned that the children had been serving jail sentences of between 10 and 20 years imposed by the 13