A/HRC/38/43 Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 II. Activities from 1 January to 30 April 2018 ................................................................................... 3 III. Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 4 IV. Approaches .................................................................................................................................... 5 A. Dialogue................................................................................................................................ 5 B. Intersectionality .................................................................................................................... 5 Violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity .............................. 6 A. Overview .............................................................................................................................. 6 B. Hate crimes and hate speech ................................................................................................. 8 C. Violence and discrimination based on gender identity ......................................................... 9 D. Violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation ..................................................... 10 Root causes of violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity ...... 11 A. Legislation and other regulations .......................................................................................... 12 B. Stigma ................................................................................................................................... 13 C. Negation and the resulting data gap ...................................................................................... 14 Support for effective State measures ............................................................................................. 15 A. Global ................................................................................................................................... 15 B. Regional ................................................................................................................................ 16 C. National ................................................................................................................................ 16 VIII. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 18 IX. Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 19 V. VI. VII. 2