A/HRC/40/56 in primary or secondary activities. The formality of employment is also relevant. Due to the inherent dangers of the fisheries sector, most workers experience precarious working conditions that cumulatively undermine their realization of the right to food. Women, children, migrant workers and indigenous and coastal populations face heightened barriers to realizing this right. A. Overview 16. It is estimated that a total of 660 to 880 million people, or 10 to 12 per cent of the world’s population, directly or indirectly depend on fisheries. 18 That estimate includes 120 million people who directly depend on fishery-related activities for their livelihoods 19 and 60 million people who are directly employed, full-time, part-time, or informally, as fishers or fish farmers in the primary sector. Approximately 85 per cent of workers live in Asia, which is also host to 96 per cent of all aquaculture workers. 20 Around 10 per cent of workers in the sector are employed in Africa, and 4 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. 21 According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), each fishery worker, on average, provides for three dependants or family members.22 17. Of the 19.3 million fish farmers and 40.3 fishers, 23 37 per cent are employed fulltime, 23 per cent are employed part-time and over 15 million work on board fishing vessels.24 ILO estimates that “for each person employed in capture fisheries, there are about four jobs produced in the secondary activities”, 25 including fish trading, processing and selling, many of which are performed by women. Women account for 14 per cent of those employed in the primary sector 26 and comprise almost half of the secondary sector workforce, playing a prominent role in the processing, sale and trade of fish. 27 18. Small-scale fisheries catch nearly the same amount of fish as industrial fisheries but employ 25 times more workers and use an eighth of the amount of fuel annually. 28 They also represent a huge diversity of cultures and practices, including subsistence and artisanal fishers, who use small vessels to catch fish for household needs and sale. More than 90 per cent of the world’s estimated 34 million full-time and part-time fishers derive their livelihood from the small-scale sector, and they contribute to 80 per cent of the total world catch used for domestic human consumption. 29 Women occupy 47 per cent of small-scale fishery employment and 56 million jobs in developing countries.30 19. Small-scale fisheries include most inland capture fisheries, which account for 2.5 to 6 per cent of the global agricultural workforce. Inland capture fisheries employ between 16.8 million and 20.7 million people in the primary sector and another 8 to 38 million in the 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 (Rome, 2012), p. 46; FAO, Scoping study on decent work and employment in fisheries and aquaculture, p. 22. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition, Report 7 (Rome, 2014), p. 16. FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, p. 5. Ibid. ILO, Work in Fishing Convention and Recommendation, 2007: Action Plan 2011–2016 (Geneva, 2011), p. 1. FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, p. 5. ILO, “Fisheries”. Available at www.ilo.org/global/industries-and-sectors/shipping-ports-fisheriesinland-waterways/fisheries/lang--en/index.htm (accessed on 15 January 2019). ILO, Work in Fishing Convention and Recommendation, 2007: Action Plan 2011–2016 (Geneva, 2011), p. 1. FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, p. 5. FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016, p. 5. Catherine A. Courtney and Nayna J. Jhaveri, Looking to the sea to support development objectives: A primer for USAID staff and partners (Washington, D.C., 2017), p. 5. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition, Report 7 (Rome, 2014), p. 34. Ibid., p. 17. 5