A/HRC/19/21 and States’ obligations to guarantee and protect those rights. Several United Nations human rights mechanisms have addressed the issue and provided clear guidance on specific areas, including preventive actions, juvenile justice, attention to victims (in particular victims of gender-based violence), anti-drug policies, firearms and munitions control, use of private security companies and the role of the military in law enforcement. 97. In Central and South America, OHCHR advised States on proposed legislation on crimes and building their capacity to deal with rampant impunity and to abide by their international human rights obligations, and advocated for the need to address the root causes of violence and crime. Over the past two years, OHCHR partnered the InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights and UNICEF in the production of a groundbreaking report on security, which analyses the issue from a human rights perspective, and makes recommendations to States on how to improve institutions, laws, policies, programmes and practices in the prevention and control of crime and violence. This publication has raised awareness about the need to ensure a different, more comprehensive approach to crime and violence, and to present human rights counter-arguments to hard-line policies. A second joint report, addressing juvenile justice issues, was published in September 2011. 2. Humanitarian activities 98. OHCHR affirmed its role as the lead human rights actor in humanitarian action, mainstreaming human rights considerations and advocating for human rights in humanitarian planning, preparedness, response and recovery. OHCHR increased its engagement in humanitarian planning and funding processes by contributing to human rights analysis, mainstreaming human rights concerns and considerations, and integrating human rights in a number of consolidated and/or flash appeals, including those for the Central African Republic, Chad, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, the occupied Palestinian territory and Uganda. 99. OHCHR works closely with humanitarian partners on policy, operational guidance development and training issues. OHCHR continued its participation in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee and sub-working groups or task forces, including on leadership and coordination, and contributed to the integration of human rights into guidance materials and learning activities for humanitarian coordinators and other partners on emergency preparedness and response. OHCHR is a core member of the Global Protection Cluster working group and its task forces on, inter alia, natural disasters and learning. 100. In 2011, OHCHR led protection clusters in Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, the occupied Palestinian territory, Timor-Leste and the Pacific region, and played a key supporting role in other countries, such as Iraq. OHCHR embarked upon innovative joint efforts and developed tools to integrate human rights in other sectors of humanitarian programming. 101. To further enhance the expertise and capacity of OHCHR staff to work in humanitarian settings, OHCHR developed a core training course on human rights and humanitarian action, which is held on an annual basis. In May, with a view to making OHCHR a more effective actor in humanitarian preparedness and response efforts, I endorsed an Office-wide strategy and a 4-year plan of action for OHCHR engagement in humanitarian activities. Continued cooperation on early warning systems with humanitarian partners resulted in human rights being mainstreamed and taken into account in all emerging crises in 2011. 17