A/HRC/19/55 a community in the United Republic of Tanzania), and harassment and intimidation (women defenders in Mexico, Bangladesh, Brazil and Peru). 77. Defenders working on these issues have also been subjected to arrest (India) and detention (Chile, New Zealand, Brazil, Nepal, Bangladesh and Tanzania). They have faced criminalization in the form of accusations of possession of illegal weapons, land-grabbing (Bangladesh) and terrorism-related offences (17 defenders in New Zealand). NGOs in Guatemala faced stigmatization and a public campaign to discredit them following the presentation of a report to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 78. These defenders have also reported to have been subjected to forced evictions (Colombia) and raids on their homes (Cambodia, New Zealand and Nigeria). 79. The perpetrators of the violations against this particular group of defenders reportedly included State and non-State actors and unidentified groups and individuals. Of the communications concerning killings (10), four were allegedly committed by State actors, one by non-State actors, and five by unknown groups or individuals. 80. In terms of regional trends, of the 29 communications sent concerning this group of defenders, 18 were sent to the Americas region (Chile 3, Guatemala 3, Peru 3, Mexico 2, Colombia 2, Brazil 3, Honduras 1, Plurinational State of Bolivia 1) and, of these, 10 dealt with killings, while others concerned death threats and threats (Brazil, Chile, Peru) and criminalization (Chile) and defamation (Guatemala). Nine communications were sent to the Asia Pacific region, including to Bangladesh (2) Malaysia (1), India (2), Nepal (1) and Cambodia (1). One of the communications expressed concern regarding an alleged killing (Malaysia) and four dealt with detention of defenders (India 2, Bangladesh and Nepal). Two communications were sent to the African region namely to Nigeria and the United Republic of Tanzania. Women defenders working on land and environmental issues 81. Women human rights defenders working on land and environmental rights issues have been the subject of a number of communications (25) sent during the reporting period to countries in the Americas (17), Asia Pacific (6) and Africa (2). 82. These women defenders were active in negotiations with local authorities to resolve land conflicts (900 women in Brazil, Colombia Guatemala, India) and denouncing landgrabbing (China); working for reparations for indigenous people (India, Nepal and Peru) and denouncing encroachments on their lands (India, Nepal); organizing community events (Colombia); campaigning against nuclear power plants (Philippines 2); campaigning against the development of a gated community and marina development (Bahamas); working for the rights of field workers (Honduras); protesting against the creation of a residential and leisure complex (Mexico); filming a documentary on the harmful impact of oil production (Nigeria); campaigning for water rights and against the construction of a dam (India); and campaigning against mining projects (Peru). 83. In doing this kind of work, women human rights defenders have been subjected to threats against their physical integrity including: killings, mostly in the Americas region (Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras); excessive use of force against them during protests (Brazil, India and Nepal); and attacks by armed assailants (Guatemala). They have also been subjected to threats and death threats (Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Philippines, Peru); and harassment and intimidation (Bahamas, Mexico, Peru), including against their families (Colombia). 84. These women defenders have also suffered stigmatization (Peru) and criminalization on accusations of espionage (Angola) and have been sentenced to prison on charges of extortion and blackmailing following a trial allegedly without legal representation (China). 14