A/HRC/10/59 page 19 armed groups.30 Weak chains of command within the Congolese armed forces and insufficient civilian, democratic control of the sprawling security apparatus facilitate such illegal acts. At the same time, the Group of Experts also presented evidence that the Rwandan authorities have been complicit in the recruitment of soldiers, including children, have facilitated the supply of military equipment and have sent officers and units from the Rwandan Defence Force to the DRC in support of CNDP.31 70. According to the approach under the Global and Inclusive Agreement, militia and soldiers were given the choice to either join a unified national army, or to be demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life. Those who chose to join the army were generally sent to training centres (centres de brassage), where they received only about 45 days of basic training. Some militia groups were even directly merged into the regular forces (mixage). The result is an army that is very heterogeneous and overall ill-disciplined. 71. The rank and file of FARDC are often not paid and do not have adequate supplies, reportedly also because funds allocated for this purpose are embezzled by senior officers or civilian functionaries. As part of its security sector reform project, the European Union Security Sector Reform Mission (EUSEC) directly administers salaries for selected units. While this has reportedly decreased abuse of power by individual soldiers to some extent, it is still worrying that there have been incidents (e.g. in the Kanyabayonga area at the end of October 2008) where units benefitting from such support programme were involved in large-scale pillaging and accompanying atrocities. This highlights a need for more profound efforts on the part of the Government to push for reform and accountability. 72. Moreover, while in theory, perpetrators of human rights violations could have been excluded from joining the security forces, this has not happened in practice. As a result, major perpetrators of violations, including a number of notorious former armed group commanders, have managed to join the national army, police or intelligence services, entrenching a culture of impunity and disregard for human rights. The Security Council has repeatedly called on the Congolese authorities to establish a vetting mechanism to take into account when they select candidates for official positions, including key posts in the armed forces, national police and other security services, the candidates’ past actions in terms of respect for international humanitarian law and human rights.32 3. Illegal exploitation of natural resources 73. In resolution S8/1, the Council identified the illicit exploitation of natural resources as a further root cause of the conflict and basis of the human rights violations and humanitarian crisis 30 Ibid., paras. 116-120. 31 Ibid., paras. 61-68. 32 See resolutions 1756 (2009), para. 12; 1794 (2007), para 15; 1856 (2008), para. 22.