A/HRC/41/50 opportunities for self-realization. 9 Other analysts believe that poverty needs to be eliminated before the right to development can be realized. If a basic livelihood cannot be guaranteed, realization of the right to development is not remotely possible. 10 Leaders of developing countries, particularly in the context of globalization, face a dilemma in deciding whether to first prioritize economic growth and then better promote human rights, or to begin by building a social environment based on respect for fundamental rights and freedoms, dialogue and social protection. 11 The expected solution could benefit from realism, pragmatism and fair prioritization in projects, careful planning, adjusted balance and correct harmony in budgets and development strategies, meticulous administration of resources for achieving good management of development and all human rights, and using the potential for international cooperation and advisory services as a strong subsidiary tool for increasing opportunities. 22. The indivisibility of human rights does not prevent some rights from being deemed more important than others in certain societies. Some Western academics believe that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is part of an attempt by the United Nations to spread liberal practices around the world, as an expression of liberal universalism.12 Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regional and hemispheric discussions have produced many other effective charters and interpretations of the Declaration. Among those interpretations, the “comprehensive Southern vision on human rights” deserves particular attention. It is based on the Declaration as interpreted in light of regional human rights documents and practices by Southern States. A report produced by an academic institution in 2017 following a call from the President of China to build a shared future for mankind, the comprehensive Southern vision on human rights concludes that both the rights to subsistence and to development are usually considered to be paramount in Southern societies as a result of the connection of those rights to human dignity, from which all human rights derive. The importance of the right to subsistence was already made clear in a 1991 white paper on human rights issued by the Government of China.13 Sometimes, the term “right to survival” is used instead. Western countries propose another interpretation. For instance, the final goal of the Government of Spain is to contribute to human development through poverty eradication, which certainly contributes towards the full realization of fundamental human rights. The aim of the Government is to consolidate democratic processes and the rule of law, help to reduce inequalities and vulnerability to extreme poverty and crises, and promote economic opportunities for the poorest population groups. To reach that goal, it will foster systems of social cohesion, focusing on basic social services, while promoting women’s rights and gender equality and providing a quality response to humanitarian crises. With partner countries, its aim is to build a global citizenship committed to development; work towards guaranteeing the rule of law and human rights; and help other countries to support reforms of the justice system to strengthen the judiciary, make the justice system accessible to all citizens under equal conditions, and guarantee effective judicial protection and the right to a fair trial. Spain will promote accountability for violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. 14 23. The lack of specific benchmarks for the implementation of the right to development is a challenge to better assessing how development contributes to human rights. The establishment of development criteria and operational subcriteria is promising and could 9 10 11 12 13 14 Luis Alberto Larrain, “The pacific alliance and one belt one road: promoting human rights through economic freedom”, paper collection prepared for the South-South Human Rights Forum. Yanjun Cheng and Pai Li, “The right to development in Chinese practice: poverty alleviation and relief in China”, paper collection prepared for the South-South Human Rights Forum. Brice Constant Paillat, “Construire une communauté de destin pour l’humanité: nouvelle opportunité pour les droits de l’homme Sud-Sud”, paper collection prepared for the South-South Human Rights Forum. John Charvet and Eliza Kaczynska-Nay, The Liberal Project and Human Rights: the Theory and Practice of a New World Order (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 3–5. Contribution from China. See also Tom Zwart, “Building a community of shared future for mankind by adopting a comprehensive southern vision on human rights”, available at www.chinahumanrights.org/html/2017/PAPERS_1212/9843.html. Contribution from Spain. 7