Sexual and gender-based violence in Myanmar and the gendered impact of its ethnic conflicts in English immediate family and of their community. The stigma and taboo affect their ability to be a productive part of society. Most suffer back pain, skin infections, constant headaches and lack of sexual desire. Studies have revealed that, typically, male victims suffer incontinence of the bowels and urine, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, mental health issues, unexplained anger and anxiety, depression and suicidal tendencies, infertility and immense shame for those with mutilated genitals, conflicting sexual desires, all amounting to post traumatic stress disorder.381 Referral pathways and specialized care must be provided in the refugee camps and in Myanmar to mitigate the impact. C. Sexual and gender-based violence against ethnic men in Kachin and Shan States 172. In its 2018 report, the Mission found credible and consistent accounts of a pattern of sexual violence against men in Kachin and Shan States perpetrated by security forces. 382 The pattern is evident from the number of cases the Mission documented, which included the use of sexual violence to target men suspected of being members or supporters of EAOs. The sexual violence and sexual humiliation in the context of detention were reportedly perpetrated by the police, the Tatmadaw and the Myanmar Intelligence Office (commonly referred to by its Myanmar acronym SaYaPa), the branch of the Myanmar armed forces tasked with intelligence gathering.383 The Mission found that the Tatmadaw has targeted men with rape, forced nudity, and other forms of sexual violence and debasing treatment,384 often for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from detainees.385 173. The Mission received corroborating reports regarding two Kachin men whom the SaYaPa raped and subjected to other forms of sexual violence in June 2012 in Myitkyina Township, Kachin State. Prior to being subjected to sexual violence, the survivors were physically abused while being questioned about the membership of the KIA. 386 Later, during the course of further questioning by the SaYaPa, both survivors were forced to undress and then to penetrate each other anally. The SaYaPa agents watched the men as they were forced to rape each other and laughed at them. They asked, “Are you enjoying yourselves?” The survivors were begging for the rapes to stop despite being forced to continue.387 One of the male survivors, a Christian, was made to imitate Jesus on a cross like the crucifixion.388 174. In another incident at about the same time, on 17 June 2012, a Kachin man who the SaYaPa arrested and detained at its office in Myitkyina Township, Kachin State, was subjected to sexual and other violence until he said he was a member of the KIA. He told the Mission he confessed out of fear that he would be killed otherwise. During the interrogation he was forced to rub his penis until the skin was torn, peeling and bleeding: “my penis was bleeding, I was really hurting. I don’t know how long this lasted; I was numb from the pain at some point.” He was subsequently accused and charged of associating with the KIA under the Unlawful Association Act section 17(1).389 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 NI-001, NI-008, Jana Naujoks and Myat Thandor Ko, “Pulling the strings: Masculinities, gender and social conflict in Myanmar” (November 2018), p.24. A/HRC/39/CRP.2, para. 164 et s. GI-028, GI-034, PI-052, PI-056, PI-055, PI-139. GI-028, GI-034, PI-052, PI-056, PI-055, PI-139. GI-027, PI-052, PI-056. PI-052, PI-056; A/HRC/67/383, paras. 15-16; United Nations Human Rights Council Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, “Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixtyninth session (22 April-1 May 2014) No. 6/2014” (1 July 2014); The Irrawaddy “Burma’s New Political Prisoners in Kachin State” ( 17 July 2012). PI-052, PI-056. PI-056. PI-055. 41