A/HRC/33/29 41. Grass-roots organizations, especially those representing disadvantaged groups, are frequently small-sized. They face particular difficulties, as rules to counter the financing of terrorism tend to favour large, well-known organizations and require strict reporting and auditing requirements. Grass-roots organizations often do not have the administrative infrastructure necessary to comply with the imposed reporting and auditing requirements. 59 These circumstances frequently result in the inability of small organizations to attract the funding needed for their operations and have a negative impact on the groups supported by them. B. Youth engagement 42. Programmes involving youth should feature prominently in efforts to prevent and counter violent extremism. Many young people experience a sense of disenfranchisement and marginalization, which may leave them vulnerable to violent extremism. In addition to being potential perpetrators and victims of violent extremism, young people are also crucial players in prevention efforts and thus an important part of any solution. 60 43. Young people can be engaged in a variety of ways, including through educational, arts or sports activities.61 The most effective programmes are peer driven and aimed at developing life skills, such as conflict management, teamwork, tolerance and empathy. 62 These skills can be developed in the context of programmes aimed at furthering political, ethnic, social and religious tolerance, cultural diversity and gender equality, as well as at increasing knowledge about democratic values and human rights. 44. While online and offline “counter-narrative” campaigns aimed at reaching a large group of young people may be “of great value as means of general education, designed to raise the population’s awareness and building a resilient society”,63 direct engagement in small groups has shown the highest effectiveness, in particular with youth at imminent risk of joining violent extremist groups.64 45. Participation in any such programmes and activities should be on a voluntary basis. There is also a need to ensure that initiatives are neither devised nor implemented in a manner that would result in discrimination or racial or religious profiling. They should include youth from all backgrounds as opposed to solely focusing on those which the authorities or implementing organization consider to be at risk of violent extremism. 59 60 61 62 63 64 14 from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/FAssociation/UNSR_statement_FATFmeeting13April2016.pdf; and Naz Modirzadeh, “If it’s broke, don’t make it worse”. See Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, A Decade Lost: Locating Gender in U.S. CounterTerrorism (New York, New York University School of Law, 2011), sect. IV. See Secretary-General’s remarks at open debate on the role of youth in countering violent extremism and promoting peace, available from www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=8568. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), A Teacher’s Guide on the Prevention of Violent Extremism (Paris, 2016). Ibid.; input from the Order of the Teaspoon foundation; and Radicalisation Awareness Network, RAN Collection: Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism. Harald Weilnböck, “Confronting the counter-narrative ideology. Embedded face-to-face prevention— and youth (media) work” (Cultures Interactive, 2015), available from http://culturesinteractive.de/fachartikel.html. Radicalisation Awareness Network, RAN Collection: Preventing Radicalization to Terrorism and Violent Extremism; and Harald Weilnböck, “Responding to violent extremism needs more investment in human resources/practitioners, less in videos and Internet” (Cultures Interactive, 2015)), available from http://cultures-interactive.de/fachartikel.html.