A/HRC/18/30 86. In order to influence market forces and encourage ethical demand of minerals, initiatives such as the Fairtrade and Fairmined Standard for Gold from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, including Associated Precious Metals have been started. This initiative is led by the Alliance for Responsible Mining and the world renown, Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International. This standard aims to promote, among other things, human rights, the elimination of children working in this sector, the formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining and traceability of the mineral produced. The standard is currently being used by artisanal and small-scale mining communities in Latin America and scoping studies are being done to check the feasibility of using the standard in Africa and Asia. 87. In order to address poverty, social protection programmes that provide compensation to families for the loss of earnings from children’s labour can be effective. Programmes such as Bolsa Familia in Brazil, conditional cash transfer programmes which provide direct cash transfers to poor families who keep their children in school and under regular medical supervision, have significantly contributed to the reduction of child labour. Between 2003 and 2007, Bolsa Familia had successfully raised 20 million people out of poverty, reducing poverty from 22 to 7 per cent.36 IX. Key strategies in tackling child slavery in the mining and quarrying sector 88. A multistakeholder approach at all levels is required to combat child slavery in the mining and quarrying sector. States, under the leadership of a highranking Government official, should establish a multistakeholder team, with Government officials from different ministries dealing with child slavery, representatives from civil society organizations (CSOs) and experts who can develop, coordinate, deliver and monitor well-resourced plans to eradicate child slavery in this sector. Such a multistakeholder approach should focus on the following: the enactment and enforcement of legislation prohibiting children working in the mining and quarrying sector; the establishment of policies and programmes to implement the law; compulsory primary education; poverty reduction programmes that include social protection programmes and alternative employment opportunities; and measures to address the overall welfare of the child. 89. States should ensure that the best interests of the child are at all times paramount in any programme or policy related to children subject to child slavery in this sector. States should also cooperate on a bilateral, regional and international basis, with the assistance of CSOs, in order to eliminate child slavery in this sector. The areas in which child mining and quarrying occur in a country are likely to be geographically distinct. Therefore, programmes developed should clearly focus on making specific interventions adapted for each area of the country. A. Legislation and its enforcement 90. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States ratify fully and implement all relevant international legal instruments to prevent child slavery such as the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of 36 World Bank, “Lifting Families Out of Poverty in Brazil - Bolsa Familia Program”. Available from http://web.worldbank.org (accessed on 1 July 2011). 19