A/HRC/15/32 39. The realization of solidarity rights, including the right to solidarity, is also linked to the behaviour of individuals, civil society, the private sector and other components of society. The private sector, especially major corporate enterprises operating in developing countries, should assume obligations for development to help to reduce the gap between the developed and developing world through increased corporate social responsibility in the field of business and human rights. In international tourism, efforts have been made to ensure that poor and marginalized communities do not suffer from the disproportionate costs associated with tourism development while missing out on the benefits. In this respect, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, in article 9, stipulates that: As an irreplaceable factor of solidarity in the development and dynamic growth of international exchanges, multinational enterprises of the tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they sometimes occupy; ... in exchange for their freedom to invest and trade, which should be fully recognized, they should involve themselves in local development, avoiding, by the excessive repatriation of their profits or their induced imports, a reduction of their contribution to the economies in which they are established. III. Salient elements of a conceptual and normative framework A. Review and observations 40. The independent expert reiterates that there is an unequivocal value of solidarity and a related value system that can inform the progressive development of international law and legal development, at the regional and national levels, supporting an integrated and cohesive principle of international solidarity, and an evolving right of peoples and individuals to international solidarity. Notions of solidarity, humility, justice and equity have been found in moral, ethical, philosophical, religious and spiritual traditions the world over since time immemorial, including in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. Ranging from the parable of the good Samaritan and commandment of “love thy neighbour” or “do not harm thy neighbour” in Christian literature to the concept of universal brotherhood in Islam and the central tenets of compassion and loving kindness in Buddhist scriptures, the seminal value of solidarity encapsulates the power of human goodness and goodwill, essential for the survival of society at all levels, including the international community, humanity and its ecological habitat.2 41. The independent expert reiterates his call for human, international and global solidarity, which require strengthened cooperation among all stakeholders: States, international and non-governmental organizations, the private sector and all individuals. The need for solidarity is amplified in the context of increasing interdependence in a globalizing world, where liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment create a single global economy, mandating that humanity is also conceived as a single, global community. Great thinkers and leaders have, throughout the course of history, implored for the need for unity, fraternity, solidarity and reconciliation, among them, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Eleanor Roosevelt and Nelson Mandela. The pursuit of social justice and equity has long been a subject of discourse, including in international relations, for instance the quest for a new international economic order in the 1970s. In the modern context of globalization, there is a considerable amount of philosophical writing asserting the need for global social justice and the fair distribution of social and economic advantages across the bounds of State sovereignty. It is argued that obligations arise 2 12 C.G. Weeramantry, The Lord’s Prayer: Bridge to a Better World, Ligouri/Triumph, Missouri, 1998. GE.10-14914