A/HRC/4/48 page 39 7. The State still faces the challenge of taking effective action on the risk factors that endanger not only the lives and security of human rights defenders, but also the performance of their legitimate work. Communities at risk 8. In 2006, both individual and collective displacements continued to be recorded; they were attributed to the FARC-EP, the ELN and fighting between members of the illegal armed groups and the army. Information was received about acts of violence and intimidation against displaced persons and members of communities who have returned to their lands, a situation that has generated new displacements. However, the number of displacements continued to fall in relation to previous years. The underreporting of cases of displacement remains very high. Furthermore, cases of displacement attributable to demobilized paramilitaries or members of new illegal armed groups have not been included in the Single Registration System. 9. With respect to the displacement prevention policy, a positive development is the presentation of a draft decree to regulate the functions of the Inter-Institutional Committee on Early Warnings (CIAT). However, shortcomings in risk evaluation continue to exist, and CIAT’s responses have been ineffective; also, no specific penalties have been established for cases of non-observance of early warnings. For its part, the Early Warning System (SAT) set up by the Ombudsman’s Office continues to depend almost entirely on international cooperation. The absence of a preventive approach stands out in policy vis-à-vis the displaced population in the context of the operations carried out by the security forces. It is important that the State should make greater efforts to prevent displacement of indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities, particularly in Chocó, Guaviare and Nariño. 10. Given the goal of socio-economic stabilization, effective alternatives in matters such as housing, land and income generation remain insufficient.a State aid has continued to focus on emergency humanitarian assistance. The Constitutional Court too has stressed the lack of specific programmes to address the particular needs of children and women heads of household who are victims of forced displacement.b Furthermore, it is essential to establish a public policy of reparation for the victims of displacement. Ethnic groups 11. The ethnic groups, particularly the indigenous and Afro-Colombian populations, are in a situation of great vulnerability as a result of the internal armed conflict. The FARC-EP, paramilitary groups and demobilized paramilitaries are believed to be responsible for the murder of protected persons, threats, stigmatization, forced displacement, hostage-taking, forced a This was acknowledged by the Government itself in CONPES document 3,400 of 2005 and in the joint compliance report presented to the Court on 13 September 2006. b Constitutional Court decision 218 of August 2006.