A/HRC/44/37 aims to translate international human rights law and principles into practical methods, approaches, procedures and tools, to be applied by international, regional and national actors in their human rights work. 7. The Board of Trustees, which oversees the Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, advises the Office on policy and strategic orientation with regard to technical cooperation. In that context, the Board of Trustees has elaborated seven components of effective technical cooperation. They are: (a) the importance of anchoring technical cooperation to the universality and indivisibility of all human rights; (b) the importance of strengthening national frameworks and institutions in the field of human rights through technical cooperation and advisory services; (c) technical cooperation should be offered to support the implementation of and follow-up on recommendations by human rights mechanisms including the universal periodic review; (d) effective human rights technical cooperation should reflect and inform national development objectives to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals; (e) the importance of partnerships with all entities on the ground; (f) the need for technical cooperation programmes to ensure the broadest possible participation; and (g) technical cooperation should be mainstreamed throughout the work of all United Nations programmes and operations in each country and region. 8. Technical cooperation programmes include advisory services, training courses, workshops and seminars, fellowships, grants, the provision of information and assessments of domestic human rights needs. Through their technical cooperation and advisory services, the United Nations and regional organizations also support the efforts of States to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, ensure that policy processes and outcomes empower rights holders to assert and claim their rights and assist duty bearers in ensuring that those rights are enjoyed by all. In implementing its technical cooperation work, OHCHR collaborates with all relevant stakeholders at the national and regional levels, including civil society, national institutions and representatives of Governments, parliaments, law enforcement bodies and the judiciary. The Office also works closely with all relevant United Nations agencies and country teams and regional organizations to ensure a coordinated United Nations system-wide human rights approach to technical cooperation. Tokyo, Mandela and Bangkok Rules 9. Globally, more than 10 million people are deprived of their liberty, with some three million people held in pretrial detention. 3 In many States, the number of people held in pretrial detention is equivalent to or higher than that of convicted prisoners. Data further suggests that occupancy exceeds official prison capacity in at least 114 countries and that prisons in 92 of those countries, hold between 100 and 200 per cent of their capacity. 4 Such statistics do not capture the global scale of persons detained in other settings. 10. It is estimated that some 714,000 women and girls are in prison, comprising 7 per cent of the global prison population. Since 2000, the number of women and girls in prison worldwide has increased by 53 per cent, while the male population has increased by 20 per cent.5 Despite the increase in numbers, women and girls are a minority in prison systems worldwide. Once deprived of their liberty, they encounter systems, practices, policies and facilities designed for the majority male prison population. 6 In the global study on children deprived of their liberty, the Independent Expert leading the study estimated that there were at least 410,000 children detained in remand centres and prisons every year, with an estimated 1 million children held every year in police custody (see A/74/136). 11. The right to liberty and security and the obligation to treat persons deprived of their liberty with dignity and humanity is widely recognized in international and regional instruments as one of the most fundamental human rights. The international legal framework for the protection of all persons deprived of their liberty is comprehensive, emphasizing that 3 4 5 6 See Institute for Criminal Policy Research, “World prison population list”, 12th ed. (2018). Ibid., “More than three million people are held in pre-trial detention and other forms of remand imprisonment worldwide”, World Prison Brief, 2 April 2020. Ibid., “Over 700,000 women and girls in prison around the world, new report by Institute for Criminal Policy Research shows”, World Prison Brief, 22 September 2015. See Penal Reform International, submission to the general discussion on access to justice held by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its fifty-fourth session (11 February–1 March 2013), p. 2. 3