A/HRC/40/28 counter violent extremist narratives that could incite terrorist acts and address the conditions conducive to the spread of violent extremism by empowering youth, families, women, religious, cultural and education leaders and other concerned groups of civil society. 39. There is broad agreement among researchers and practitioners that building resilience to the terrorist recruitment of children requires the active participation of communities, families and children themselves, who should lead or partner in the design, implementation and evaluation of programming (ibid.). Support to caregivers is a vital element of the prevention of adolescent criminality and a strong family environment enhances resilience to terrorist recruitment. Boys and girls often have different vulnerabilities in their families and communities and respond to different motivators to join terrorist groups. 40. Peer networks are increasingly influential as a child ages and often play a role in terrorist recruitment. Educational programmes in schools and awareness-raising in communities can enhance collective opposition to violence as a means of resolving grievances. In some contexts, terrorist groups have co-opted or created parallel education systems with the aim of indoctrinating children. States should take appropriate measures to ensure that all children have access to quality public education and that all schools in their territory comply with the aims of education laid out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, notably preparation of the child for life in a peaceful and tolerant society that respects gender equality (art. 29).37 41. Adult expectations have a powerful influence on the development of a child’s personality. Interventions explicitly advertised as prevention of terrorism or violent extremism may reinforce negative stereotypes and drive children towards excusing or using violence if they feel that is all society expects of them. A child’s or caregiver’s membership of a religious or ethnic community, expression of a political opinion, or other prohibited ground of discrimination should never be used as an indicator of vulnerability of the child to recruitment, or a ground for referral to social services or law enforcement. 38 Such profiling is both prohibited under international law and likely to be counterproductive, alienating and stigmatizing community members whose engagement is essential to the success of counter-terrorism efforts.39 Programming and development assistance targeted at children should focus on inclusion and peacebuilding rather than solely on the prevention of their opposites.40 D. Freedom of opinion and expression and the right to privacy of children at perceived risk of recruitment 42. Where children have regular Internet access, online peer networks may influence their vulnerability to terrorist recruitment. The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the child’s rights to privacy (art. 16) and to accessing information, while providing that children should be protected from material injurious to their well-being (art. 17). The latter provision cannot be used to justify mass surveillance of children’s online communications, which would breach their right to privacy (see A/HRC/39/29). Prevention of online recruitment should focus on the detection and accountability of perpetrators, and 37 38 39 40 10 See also Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 1 (2001) on the aims of education. See Security Council resolution 2396 (2017). See generally the Hague-Marrakech Memorandum on Good Practices for a More Effective Response to the FTF phenomenon. See Kato van Broeckhoven, “A complex programming landscape: the prevention of and response to child association with non-State armed groups” in Cradled by Conflict: Child Involvement with Armed Groups in Contemporary Conflict.