A/HRC/42/44 approaches and tools for prevalence estimation have been very costly, ranging between $400,000 and $1 million for a pair of baseline and endline prevalence studies, each taking 15–24 months. 105 And, as the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery pointed out in its submission, these metrics have typically been limited to “headcounts” rather than estimates of hidden populations, analysis of risks within supply chains or broader longitudinal assessments needed for closer to real time risk management. 106 There are also legitimate questions about whether existing prevalence tools screen out certain populations, such as domestic workers, removing them further from the spotlight. This poses a fundamental constraint to our ability to assess what is working and base State responses and international strategies on that knowledge.107 Resourcing 44. A third challenge is the limited resource allocation for anti-slavery efforts. ILO estimates that $150 billion in criminal profits are generated by forced labour (alone) each year. It is not known exactly how much is being spent each year to tackle contemporary forms of slavery, though United Nations University data suggest ODA commitments are about $400 million each year, suggesting that overall spending, even accounting for private charitable giving and domestic spending, is unlikely to be anywhere near the $150 billion mark. There is no reason to assume that a 1:1 matching of profits and response spending is required; but equally, it is hard to argue that spending on the likely current scale, given its fragmentation and lack of strategic coordination, is adequate to end slavery. And yet there may be significant funding sources and financial leverage going untapped, ranging from procurement spending to insurance, both of which could be calibrated to reward slaverypreventing business practices.108 Strategic allocation of resources 45. Another gap that has become apparent is the need for stronger strategic coordination in States’ efforts to achieve target 8.7. A strategy requires not just a shared goal – now provided by target 8.7 – but a plan for allocating and combining available resources in defined ways that combine to meet that goal. Yet at present the international community lacks basic elements required to develop such a strategy. There is no clear understanding either of the resources that are available to address slavery, nor of the resources required to meet the specified goal. We do not know how much it costs to reduce the estimate of those affected by slavery by one, and therefore cannot estimate how much it would cost to reduce it from over 40 million to zero. And even if we were armed with that information, we do not yet have in place the systems that would allow those who control these resources – States, international organizations, private donors – to coordinate their actions to achieve scale. As a result, there may be a serious disconnect between the locations where resources are being spent and the locations where their expenditure might be most impactful. Those anti-slavery efforts remain notably siloed from other relevant initiatives, particularly in the business and human rights field, and efforts to achieve sustainable development. 46. This is beginning to change, especially as mandatory human rights due diligence provisions and “modern slavery” reporting requirements converge to create pressures on business to incorporate anti-slavery thinking into environmental, social and governance strategies and corporate “sustainability” work more broadly. This is a key element of the 2014 Protocol to the Forced Labour Convention and is also emerging as a focus in national action. Indonesian regulation No. 35/PERMEN-KP/2015 mandates supply chain human rights due diligence in the fisheries sector.109 And in Australia, the Government has issued guidance making clear that implementation of corporate reporting obligations under the Modern Slavery Act 2018 requires business to act in line with the Guiding Principles on 105 106 107 108 109 14 Global Fund to End Modern Slavery submission, p. 2. Ibid. See further Jessie Brunner, Inaccurate Numbers, Inadequate Policies: Enhancing Data to Evaluate the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in ASEAN (Honolulu, East-West Center, 2015). Global Fund to End Modern Slavery submission, p. 3; Cockayne, Innovation for Inclusion. ILO, Ending Forced Labour by 2030, p. 67.