A/HRC/42/44 to achieve sustainable cultural and community change. 120 To be effective, anti-slavery efforts must combine criminal justice efforts with other interventions that legally empower vulnerable populations, including through unions and worker organizations and by strengthening the capabilities of local officials and institutions, and connecting local efforts to national, regional and global efforts. 121 At the same time, the connective tissue needed to join these efforts up is emerging, both in the form of sectorial and value-chain initiatives122 and through deliberate efforts to connect the bottom to the top, such as the Freedom Fund’s Freedom Rising initiative, which aims to empower local-level leaders and build a more inclusive and victim-centred anti-slavery movement. But donors – both governmental and non-governmental – will need to take deliberate steps to see beyond short-term funding cycles and recognize the need for investment in longer-term systemic change.123 52. A stronger case must be made for the payoffs to countries and to the private sector from investment in anti-slavery efforts and the benefits of funding collaborations. Impactbased anti-slavery funding modalities could be explored, such as public prizes, performance loans, outcome funds and social impact bonds. 124 The Global Fund to End Modern Slavery has some characteristics of an outcome fund and offers an innovative approach to funding in this arena. 53. Second, anti-slavery efforts must continue to become more scientific. States committed in target 8.7 to take immediate and effective measures to eradicate slavery by 2030. Determining what measures are effective will require not just a continued investment in data collection and sharing but fostering a science-based culture in policy development and resource allocation. According to one submission received, “public policy should be based on evidence; where there is not yet evidence, the wise course of action would be to point and test outcomes before fixing policy frameworks”. 125 The rudiments of the development of such a culture are in place, including through important initiatives such as Delta 8.7,126 but sustained investment, attention and support from Member States and the private sector will be crucial to the growth of that culture and the data that are needed to drive effective policymaking.127 54. Third, anti-slavery efforts must become more strategic. A shared global framework for coordinated action towards target 8.7, or even a framework to understand what resources are being used in which ways, is currently lacking. Member States could take numerous steps to develop such a framework, from agreeing on relevant ODA reporting codes to using Alliance 8.7 to cost the achievement of target 8.7 to developing an overall action plan for mobilizing and more effectively spending the required resources. 55. The piecemeal efforts currently in place seem unlikely to make significant inroads towards target 8.7 by 2030. And at present it is difficult to say whether there is movement closer to the target, or if the opposite applies. If Member States wish to achieve target 8.7 by 2030, a clearer system for prioritizing and allocating resource expenditure based on 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 16 “Collaborating for freedom: anti-slavery partnerships in the UK”, research report from the Office of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner and the University of Nottingham Rights Lab, 2017. Freedom Fund submission, Q5. Sectoral initiatives are being developed in sectors such as cocoa, fishing, apparel and the electronics sector. A promising example is the Thai seafood working group led by the Ethical Trading Initiative to tackle slavery issues in the Thai seafood industry. This initiative, which involves retailers and suppliers, businesses (mainly supermarkets), non-governmental organizations such as Anti-Slavery International and unions such as the International Transport Workers Federation and the Trades Union Congress, emphasizes engagement with key local and international stakeholders, including workers’ representatives, Thai companies and the Government of Thailand. Additional information is available at www.ethicaltrade.org/programmes/thailands-seafood-industry. Global Fund to End Modern Slavery submission, p. 2. International Capital Markets Association, “Working towards a harmonized framework for impact reporting for social bonds”, June 2018. Monash Trafficking and Slavery Research Group submission, p. 4. Delta 8.7 is an online knowledge hub on modern slavery, human trafficking, forced labour and child labour run by the United Nations University Centre for Policy Research as a contribution to Alliance 8.7. ILO, Ending Forced Labour by 2030, pp. 125–126.