A/HRC/RES/38/5 reproductive rights, in accordance with the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the outcomes of their review conferences; 6. Further recognizes that encryption and anonymity may contribute to individuals’ full enjoyment of human rights, including the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the right to privacy, in accordance with international law, and may empower individuals, including women and girls, to access information and ideas, to seek help, assistance and guidance and to freely explore and express ideas relating to their identity and human rights; 7. Draws attention to the fact that, in order to ensure the full participation of women and girls in the digital age, digital divides, which disproportionately affect women and girls living in rural or remote areas, need to be addressed by facilitating women’s and girls’ equal access to digital technologies, to science, technology, engineering and mathematics education and to a technological environment that is conducive to engagement by all women and girls, including through the use of assistive technologies, and promotes a safe and secure digital environment for women and girls, without discrimination or risk of violence and with particular focus on the needs of women and girls facing intersecting systemic inequalities; 8. Stresses that violence against women and girls may discourage them from using digital technologies, thereby depriving them of effective tools to fully enjoy their human rights, and could result in additional economic, social and psychological harm to them; 9. Recognizes that a proactive and reactive multipronged approach, working with all relevant parties, to eliminate violence against women and girls in digital contexts is required, including education and media campaigns, promoting a culture of respect and non-discrimination online and offline, and maintaining awareness of technological change in order to respond to new methods of violence against women and girls in digital contexts as they emerge; 10. Calls upon States to take immediate and effective action to prevent all forms of violence against women and girls, including in digital contexts, by: (a) Developing, reviewing and strengthening inclusive policies, including by allocating adequate resources to address the historical, structural and underlying causes, including unequal power relations, and risk factors of violence against women and girls, and ensuring that laws and policies are harmonized to address widespread violence against women and girls and are in compliance with their international human rights obligations; (b) Prioritizing the integration of gender perspectives, and ensuring the early, full and effective participation of women and girls in the development and implementation of national policies, legislation, programmes, projects, strategies and regulatory and technical instruments in the area of digital technologies and creating monitoring and accountability mechanisms to ensure implementation of gender-sensitive policies and regulations, as well as analysing the gender impact of such policies in consultation and collaboration with women digital technology specialists, civil society organizations and gender equality advocates; (c) Supporting initiatives taken by, inter alia, relevant international and nongovernmental organizations, business enterprises, faith and community groups, religious leaders, parliamentarians, journalists, national human rights institutions, human rights defenders, including women human rights defenders, and indigenous leaders and groups, as part of their efforts to develop targeted and accessible responses, programmes and policies, including by allocating adequate resources aimed at promoting gender equality and at preventing, responding to and protecting women and girls from violence in digital contexts; (d) Encouraging digital technology companies, including Internet service providers and digital platforms, to strengthen or adopt positive measures, including internal policies, to promote gender equality in the design, implementation and use of digital technologies with a view to eliminating violence against women and girls, and to refrain from presenting women and girls as inferior beings and exploiting them as sexual objects 4