A/HRC/24/32 disputed land nationwide and a number of existing disputes remained unresolved, while other dormant disputes resurfaced. Some irregularities with the process were reported to OHCHR, such as the lack of clarity with regard to why some land was being measured while other areas were excluded. 11. During the period under review, OHCHR monitored 74 ongoing and unresolved land disputes between affected communities, authorities and businesses in both rural and urban areas combined, a slight increase over the figures for 2012. Of these disputes, 32 (four of them new) related to economic and other land concessions (including 12 on land long occupied by indigenous peoples and 20 cases affected by the implementation of Directive 001). A total of 42 disputes (six of them new) related to other land transactions (including two on land long occupied by indigenous peoples and three cases affected by the implementation of Directive 001). OHCHR activities in this area took the form of facilitation of dialogue, court monitoring, and legal and procedural advice. 12. During the period under review, confrontations (at times violent) were witnessed between individuals, communities, housing rights activists and authorities, police and the military. OHCHR repeatedly monitored and intervened in demonstrations and protests in order to prevent violence, to seek a negotiated outcome and to secure the release of persons who had been arbitrarily detained. OHCHR witnessed a number of incidents of excessive use of force by the authorities. The use of electrified riot shields by the authorities was introduced during the period under review. OHCHR continued to monitor cases of individuals who in the past had been interrogated, charged or placed under judicial supervision for their involvement in land disputes but whose cases were never closed by the courts and who remained under threat of harassment and intimidation (the Office maintains a list of 177 unresolved individual cases, six of them new since June 2012). 13. OHCHR case work is specifically focused on the promotion of tenure security and the prevention of eviction and resettlement, including promoting equitable consultation processes, securing adequate compensation and, when necessary, improving planning for relocation. In addition to monitoring and following up on multiple urban housing cases, OHCHR provided financial and substantive support to a Cambodian public interest law firm that provided legal aid to three communities in the Municipality of Battambang to apply for tenure security under a pilot project (relating to Circular 03 on resolution of temporary settlements on illegally occupied land in the capital and in municipal and urban areas). 14. Despite some improvements in some sites by local authorities, donors and charity organizations, conditions overall remain poor for relocated communities, whether their resettlement was related to recent eviction or long-established resettlement sites. OHCHR monitored the right of access to safe water and sanitation at nine sites, and advocated for improved sanitation habits to help to check the spread of disease and to improve health. OHCHR, in collaboration with local civil society organizations, provided water filters to 459 families in six areas, and is currently supporting the construction of latrines for 110 families at the Phnom Bath resettlement site. 15. OHCHR contributed substantially to research and advocacy on the granting and management of economic and other land concessions (including concessions related to the agro-industry, mining, hydropower dams and other large-scale infrastructure projects) and the human rights impact of concessions, especially in recognized protected areas. In view of the absence of complete official data made available by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and other government entities, OHCHR convened regular consultations with civil society organizations and researchers, and contributed to meetings with development partners, encouraging improved access to information and data collection., It also encouraged cooperation on advocacy issues with regard to the national land titling campaign (implementation of Directive 001) and on land concessions in 5