A/HRC/5/3 page 18 indicate that the primary completion rate has increased from 51.90 per cent in 2001 to 92.31 per cent in 2005.32 Cambodia is also one of the few countries in which a very high proportion of the resources for primary education originates from the local community. 38. In contrast to education, the average share of the public sector in overall health expenditure is only about 52 per cent for developing Asian countries, and is particularly low in South Asian countries, reflecting the predominance of private and other forms of health-care provision in this subregion. The low quality of many public health systems lead even the poor to opt for private services. This is in particular the case in rural areas where the health systems are often administered by traditional doctors and under-qualified practitioners. The low quality of services in the public system can be attributed to weak administration, poor accountability and lack of oversight of facilities. It may also reflect a peculiar manifestation of power where unions of doctors, nurses and non-medical subordinate employees, each exercise collective power to extract rents from both the system and the patient, whilst maintaining their immunity from disciplinary action. However, in Viet Nam, the health situation is quite different. At the end of 2004, 65 per cent of health-care centres had doctors, 79 per cent of villages and hamlets had health-care practitioners and most of the communes and wards had built health-care centres. In 2004, the district health-care networks successfully provided health-care facilities to over 60 per cent of the patients. Seventy per cent of the central provinces and cities had traditional medicine hospitals and nearly 50 per cent of the general hospitals had traditional medicine departments/sections. However, it must be noted that despite the implementation of its national health programme throughout the country, according to the latest health indicators, Viet Nam has not been able to bridge the widening gap between the rich and the poor. For example, the infant mortality rate is 14 per 1,000 among the richest 20 per cent of the population and 39 per 1,000 for the poorest 20 per cent of the population,33 and the maternal mortality rate is relatively high at 130 per 100,000 live births.34 39. In some cases, impact evaluation studies assessing the effectiveness of public health systems and health service delivery by NGOs found that contracting to NGOs can be both effective in terms of attaining higher improvements in health indicators, but also more equitable in terms of reaching the poor.35 In Nepal, for example, where the Government’s main strategy is to transfer the management of health services to promote community ownership and oversight, community management of health facilities was extended to 28 districts in 2004/2005. The total number of health institutions handed over to communities for management reached 1,412 by the end of 2004/05, including 1,303 sub-health posts, 77 health posts and 32 primary health-care centres. As Nepal has not had elected bodies since July 2002, the reform has been limited to assigning the management of health facilities to local Health Management Committees (HMC). The statistics of the Ministry of Health and Population indicate the major achievements of Nepal 32 World Bank website, Country profile Cambodia. 33 UNDP, Human Development Report, 2006. 34 bid. 35 ADB: Key indicators of developing Asian and Pacific countries, 2006.