A/HRC/31/55 risks that they face.15 They make visible the situation of defenders at risk in particular contexts, pressuring States to be accountable for their protection. Gender analysis should be integrated into human rights monitoring programmes, in particular, from the perspective of intersectionality. This would ensure that the specific experiences of women and transgender persons are, along with those of men, understood and incorporated into the design of protection measures. 71. A number of actors provide emergency grants to defenders in immediate danger. Emergency grants that have easy and fast application processes, quick response times and that allow defenders discretion in using funds most appropriate to their personal situation have helped many defenders cope with threats and attacks. 72. Relocation initiatives have helped defenders to remove themselves from immediate danger and to have some time for rest and respite. In some cases, defenders have found safety in another location within their own country; at other times, they have to seek refuge abroad. Relocation initiatives may take different forms: from emergency shelter in safe houses to temporary hosting arrangements with sympathetic civil society organizations, to shelter city programmes, to the provision of scholarships and fellowships at universities. 73. In emergencies, the search for safe accommodation and workspace is often conducted on an ad hoc basis. Defenders are able to relocate more smoothly and safely when networks and organizations that support them have them readily available. Relocation is often a stressful experience. Structured relocation initiatives that allow defenders to continue their work while away, help them to forge links with host communities, provide support for their families and allow for flexibility in their duration of stay help defenders to manage the uncertainty, isolation and challenges of relocating elsewhere. While such initiatives can be developed anywhere, they usually require the contribution of local organizations with the capacity to raise and manage funds, negotiate hosting requirements and respond appropriately to the specific risks and vulnerabilities of defenders, providing them with the support they need. A number of civil society organizations that manage relocation initiatives have helped defenders to capitalize on their time away by creating opportunities for them to build their networks of contacts, conduct advocacy, support human rights education in host communities and strengthen their knowledge, skills and abilities. 74. It is important that States create and support temporary international relocation initiatives for defenders at risk. A number of States offer protection by issuing special visas or residence permits to defenders on political or humanitarian grounds, and by providing funding and support to local governments and civil society organizations providing shelter and services. For example, in Brazil and Spain, programmes provide support and temporary protection for defenders at risk; in the Netherlands, “shelter cities” are available for defenders; in Germany, the State issues visas on political or humanitarian grounds and provides financial support to defenders; and in Ireland, a humanitarian visa scheme provides support for defenders at risk. Civil society organizations that manage relocation initiatives have found that strong relations with relevant government officials have helped them to overcome challenges when obtaining visas and negotiating immigration status for defenders at risk in a timely way. 15 For example, see Mesoamerican Women Human Rights Initiative, Violence against women human rights defenders, report 2012-2014, and the reports of the Observatory on the Protection of Human Rights Defenders. 13