A/HRC/12/49 page 9 Afghanistan 27. The Government of Afghanistan and the international military forces agreed to abide by standards of international humanitarian law and juvenile justice standards with regard to children in detention. 28. The Government of Afghanistan also committed to take appropriate measures to put an end to and prevent the perpetration of sexual violence against children, in particular the practice of bacha baazi (“boy play”). 29. The International Security Assistance Forces reaffirmed their commitment to abide by international humanitarian law during their operations and take all necessary measures to limit civilian casualties. Nepal 30. The Prime Minister of Nepal committed to the release of 2,973 children from the Maoist army cantonments by the end of February 2009. Philippines 31. The leadership of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front committed to enter into an action plan with the United Nations to halt the recruitment and use of children and to ensure their separation and return into civilian life. Democratic Republic of the Congo 32. The Government and the FARDC Military Command committed to entering into dialogue with the United Nations for the preparation of a time-bound action plan to prevent child recruitment and to identify and release children already present in integrated FARDC brigades, as well as to issuing a directive to all FARDC commanders to respect international humanitarian law and reaffirming that they would be held accountable for grave violations committed against children and other civilians. 33. The Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo also committed to setting up specialized units of the National Police to deal with crimes of sexual violence against women and children. IV. EMERGING CONCERNS Rape and other grave sexual violence against children in armed conflict 34. Widespread and systematic rape and sexual violence against children, both girls and boys, is increasingly a characteristic of conflict, often perpetrated in a rule of law vacuum that is a consequence of conflict, and exacerbated by an ensuing culture of impunity. In some instances, sexual violence has been used as a premeditated tactic of war designed to humiliate or exterminate a population or to force displacement. For children, the physical and mental consequences are devastating, with far-reaching negative effects on sustainable peace and