A/HRC/27/60 Contents I. II. III. IV. V. Paragraphs Page Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–6 3 A. Challenges ...................................................................................................... 2–3 3 B. Methodology .................................................................................................. 4–6 3 Conflict dynamics ................................................................................................... 7–19 3 A. Government forces ......................................................................................... 10–12 4 B. Non-State armed groups ................................................................................. 13–19 4 Violations in the treatment of civilians and hors de combat fighters...................... 20–97 5 A. Massacres and other unlawful killing ............................................................. 20–38 5 B. Hostage-taking................................................................................................ 39–44 8 C. Enforced disappearance.................................................................................. 45–51 9 D. Torture and ill-treatment................................................................................. 52–74 10 E. Sexual and gender-based violence.................................................................. 75–83 12 F. Violations of children’s rights ........................................................................ 84–97 13 Violations concerning the conduct of hostilities ..................................................... 98–135 16 A. Unlawful attacks............................................................................................. 98–108 16 B. Specifically protected persons and objects ..................................................... 109–114 18 C. Use of illegal weapons.................................................................................... 115–118 19 D. Denial of economic, social and cultural rights and basic freedoms................ 119–130 19 E. Arbitrary and forcible displacement ............................................................... 131–135 21 Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................... 136–148 22 A. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 136–140 22 B. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 141–148 22 Annexes 2 I. Correspondence with the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic ...................... 24 II. Political context ...................................................................................................... 28 III. Humanitarian context.............................................................................................. 30 IV. Special mandate on massacres ................................................................................ 31 V. Specially protected persons and objects.................................................................. 42 VI. Map of the Syrian Arab Republic ........................................................................... 45