A/HRC/43/73 political forces were expressing themselves in resistance to globalization and inclusion. He recalled that racial minority groups, refugees, migrants, indigenous peoples and people of African descent, among others, were most at risk of exposure to violent attacks, harassment and discrimination. He noted that progressive movements and movements for racial, gender, sexual and economic equality were also growing with greater vigour and visibility in response to continuing inequalities and injustices, including the movements for recognition of indigenous rights, racial and historical justice, reparations and redress. He stressed that there was a need to develop alternative approaches, especially from the political, intellectual and cultural perspectives of the survivors and victims of colonization, enslavement and racial oppression. 29. In his presentation, Mr. Murillo noted that, in various parts of the world, there was a climate of racial attention quite comparable to the one that preceded the Second World War, with the emergence of supposed identity claims and ethnonationalism in the political and economic fields. He acknowledged that as being a threat to democratic values, which had been thought to have been consolidated. Mr. Murillo said that racism was being expressed in new theories, such as the so-called “demographic reconversion”, in attempts to mobilize voters in the supposed defense of national identity. He was of the view that such ideas were behind the rejection of migrants. He commented upon the inadequate use of the digital revolution and the relationship between racism and algorithms. He mentioned that the financial, education, health and housing sectors were increasingly governed by algorithms that defined the treatment of people of African descent and other groups and individuals facing racial discrimination. 30. The representative of the European Union noted that the European Union requested its States members to penalize public incitement to violence or hatred against persons defined by reference to race, colour, religion, dissent or national or ethnic origin, including when committed online. In 2016, the European Union established a high-level group, which had compiled and endorsed guiding principles against hate crimes and delivered training for law enforcement and criminal justice authorities. The representative of the European Union underlined the vital importance of applying a human rights-based approach to data collection, in which the principles of data protection and the right to privacy were essential. 31. The representative of Brazil noted that, in order to reduce racial inequality in Brazil and contribute to the inclusion of people of African descent, his Government was employing affirmative action policies and quotas in public universities and in the public service, among other actions. He added that Brazilians of African descent had also benefitted from the national policy of integral health for the black population and the national pact for the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality. He informed the Working Group about the national plan for the prevention of violence against young people in situations of vulnerability. 32. The representative of the Russian Federation noted that racial discrimination was systemic and that people of African descent were often deprived of the possibility of full development. He expressed concern about neo-Nazi movements and movements with similar ideologies appearing in politics and about young people being attracted to such ideologies. 33. The representative of Angola expressed concern about the failure of education systems to address issues of racism and racial discrimination in States that were witnessing the resurgence of racism. She referred to the most recent report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (A/74/321), in which the Special Rapporteur had asserted that ignorance and lack of public awareness were some of the primary causes of the resurgence of racism. 34. In response to the question on the role of education and public awareness, Mr. Modiri stressed the importance of acknowledging that anti-racist ideas must be instilled at a younger age. In his view, the educational materials, which responded to imperatives of nation-building and tended to reduce racial oppression to misunderstanding, must be revised in order to better account for the historical contributions of Africans and people of African descent. He also stressed the importance of promoting the values of democracy, pluralism and diversity, with a view to eradicating the racial hierarchy and inequalities that continued to prevail in many countries. 5