A/HRC/32/38 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression Contents Page I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 II. Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age ........................................... 4 A. International legal framework .................................................................................................. 4 B. A framework for private sector responsibilities ....................................................................... 5 Private sector roles and public/private regulation ............................................................................ 6 A. Impact of private enterprise on freedom of expression ............................................................ 6 B. Regulation in the digital age .................................................................................................... 8 Legal and policy issues .................................................................................................................... 10 A. Content regulation ................................................................................................................... 10 B. Surveillance and digital security .............................................................................................. 15 C. Transparency............................................................................................................................ 17 D. Remedies ................................................................................................................................. 18 V. Further thematic development ......................................................................................................... 19 VI. Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................................. 21 III. IV. 2