A/HRC/38/31 Contents Page I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 II. Terms of reference ........................................................................................................................ 4 III. Methodology and standard of proof .............................................................................................. 4 IV. Applicable law .............................................................................................................................. 5 V. Background ................................................................................................................................... 5 VI. Parties involved in the crisis .......................................................................................................... 6 A. Defence and security forces .................................................................................................. 6 B. Kamuina Nsapu militia ......................................................................................................... 7 C. Bana Mura militias ............................................................................................................... 8 Establishment of the facts and circumstances ............................................................................... 8 A. April–August 2016: Beginning of the violence in Dibaya territory, Kasaï Central .............. 8 B. September–December 2016: Spread of the Kamuina Nsapu movement to the provinces of Kasaï Central, Kasaï Oriental and Kasaï .......................................................... 9 January–July 2017: Eruption of violence throughout Kasaï and the ethnic dimension of the conflict ........................................................................................................................ 10 VIII. Consequences of the Kasaï crisis and the current situation ........................................................... 15 IX. Legal characterization ................................................................................................................... 16 A. Crimes against humanity ...................................................................................................... 16 B. War crimes ............................................................................................................................ 16 C. Human rights violations ........................................................................................................ 17 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................................... 17 A. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 17 B. Recommendations................................................................................................................. 18 Map of Kasaï ................................................................................................................................. 20 VII. C. X. Annex GE.18-10936 3