A/HRC/32/23 community landownership.62 Conversely, it must be ensured that climate action does not adversely affect human rights as, for example, might sometimes be the case in relation to biofuels and food security or displacement and hydroelectric dams. 61. States should enhance cooperation and development assistance on the basis of principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibility to ensure adequate funding of, and research into, adaptation measures that help the poorest countries and those persons, groups and peoples most at risk. Specific measures could include: equitable access to technology, including, if necessary, the lowering of intellectual property standards and facilitation of technology transfer; targeted poverty reduction efforts; and establishment of a special climate justice fund to finance climate mitigation and adaptation policies with funds from both the public and private sectors. Resources should be mobilized to enhance research and development relating to, inter alia, data collection for the implementation of efficient and timely responses to the negative impacts of climate change on determinants of health; diagnosis and treatment of diseases and control of disease vectors; climate-resilient crops; renewable sources of energy and energy conservation; and linkages between ecological health, animal health and human health. Climate finance and adaptation should support effective measures that bring health co-benefits particularly to persons in vulnerable situations and in developing countries. Climate finance should be innovative, long term and additional to existing funding for poverty reduction and sustainable development. 62. It is also critical that mechanisms to address loss and damages be strengthened and that both the public and private sectors be accountable for their actions. National human rights institutions, for example, can combine analysis and action to promote remedies for individual violations of human rights and systematic deficiencies relating to climate change. Courts and other legal institutions must also play a role in protecting the most vulnerable, ensuring accountability and providing access to remedy. 63. Emergency responses need to be comprehensive and cover a broad range of areas such as mental health, sexual and reproductive health, disability, loss and damages. Immediate social protection measures, such as price subsidies, food programmes, employment programmes, retraining programmes, loans for vulnerable populations and special packages for children’s nutrition and for sexual and reproductive health, should be included in emergency assistance. States should establish, inter alia, early warning systems; utilize community-based monitoring, including traditional knowledge; enhance emergency response capabilities; and improve coordination in addressing climate migration and protecting migrants’ right to health in disaster risk reduction and adaptation. 64. Human rights policies, climate change policies and development policies, as well as relevant experts, all need to support rights-based climate action. Instruments like the Geneva Pledge for Human Rights in Climate Action can provide a vehicle for furthering this objective. States that have not done so should consider signing the Pledge. The human rights machinery should be mobilized to monitor climate commitments, including through consideration of the human rights impacts of climate change during the universal periodic review and by treaty bodies and Human Rights Council special procedure mandate holders. OHCHR, the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and WHO should work together, along with other relevant partners and States, to develop tools and promote climate 62 18 See, for example, Smith and others, “Human health”.