A/HRC/42/50 charges. The mission calls upon the Government to effectively investigate these two incidents as potential war crimes. 47. The mission documented cases where the Tatmadaw took over schools and monasteries to use them as a base for their military operations. Fighting between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army in Mrauk-U Township also puts civilians and civilian objects in danger. Artillery shells have landed in close proximity to buildings and structures in the ancient city, raising additional concerns that those buildings and structures could face damage from direct attack or from vibrations from explosions. Mrauk-U qualifies as cultural property under the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, to which Myanmar is a party. 48. The mission received credible reports of members of ethnic Rakhine and Chin communities being forcibly used by the Tatmadaw as porters, under conditions amounting to forced labour. This practice was often accompanied by violent acts that sometimes amounted to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 49. The brunt of the conflict has been borne by civilians, regardless of ethnicity or religion. Since October 2018, more than 32,000 people have been displaced, predominantly ethnic Rakhine but also Chin and other ethnic groups, many of whom are now living in makeshift temporary displacement sites with minimal access to humanitarian assistance or basic services. 50. The situation of internally displaced persons has been exacerbated by restrictions imposed by the Myanmar authorities on humanitarian access to Kyauktaw, Ponnagyun, Buthidaung, Maungdaw and Rathedaung Townships. The World Food Programme and the International Committee of the Red Cross are the only humanitarian agencies to which the Government has formally granted access, and even their access is intermittent. Movement restrictions have also been imposed, including a curfew from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m., in Ponnagyun, Rathedaung, Kyauktaw, Mrauk-U and Minbya Townships since 2 April 2019. 51. The humanitarian and movement restrictions are purportedly for security reasons. They are consistent, however, with the Tatmadaw “four cuts” policy to limit the access of insurgent groups to food supplies. These restrictions have undeniably led to food insecurity for displaced and vulnerable populations. 52. The mission found no evidence of the Tatmadaw engaging in widespread sexual violence against civilians as a part of its military strategy to combat the Arakan Army. This is in striking contrast to the widespread and systematic sexual violence perpetrated against the Rohingya during the “clearance operations” conducted in 2017. The highest levels of command appear to be able to control when their troops do or do not use sexual violence during attacks on civilians and civilian populations. The mission also concludes that the soldiers used sexual violence against the Rohingya as a strategy to degrade the population during their “clearance operations”. 53. Although the Tatmadaw is responsible for the majority of the violations documented by the mission, the Arakan Army has also committed human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law against civilians, including the unlawful forced labour of Chin minorities, at times accompanied by humiliating and degrading treatment. The Arakan Army has also engaged in looting of Chin property, usually foodstuffs, often making promises of future repayment that were never kept. 54. The mission remains deeply concerned that the current protracted situation, already grave, could deteriorate further into a crisis, with wide-reaching implications for the country and the region. C. Situation in northern Myanmar 55. The unilateral ceasefire declared by the Tatmadaw came into effect in December 2018, and at the time of writing had been extended until 31 August 2019. It covers five regional commands in the east and north and effectively includes conflicts with the Kachin Independence Army, the Myanmar Democratic Alliance Army and the Ta’ang National 9