A/HRC/32/39 also stipulate that, for the same purpose, it should be possible for law enforcement officials to be equipped with self-defensive equipment. Not only should the equipment be used if available, as required by necessity, but such equipment should be made available in the first place. States should also ensure that all law enforcement officials are provided with training and are tested in accordance with appropriate proficiency standards in the use of force (see A/HRC/26/36, para. 52). The same requirements should be made of private security providers, including specialized equipment or training for the particular contexts in which their personnel may work. 81. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), a significant number of States worldwide allow civilian private security personnel to be armed with firearms or other potentially lethal weapons. The use and regulation of weapons in that context also varies greatly, ranging from situations where 2 per cent of private security providers are estimated to be armed in countries like Croatia, India and Sweden, to instances where 80 per cent are armed in the Dominican Republic, and 85 per cent in Colombia.24 The importance of strict regulation of possession and use of firearms is selfevident. This requires registration of weapons at the level of the company, and also with respect to the individual responsible. Moreover, there should be adequate regulations in place to ensure that firearms are stored in secure places and that they are well controlled by the company.25 It is of great concern that, where private security personnel are permitted to carry firearms, their training in safe and effective use of such weapons is not standardized or, in many cases, regulated at all. Even when legal requirements exist regarding the vetting and training of private security personnel, they often merely indicate that the provider is responsible for ensuring that employees are properly trained. 26 82. The potential consequence of insufficient weapons training was highlighted in December 2015 in Pakistan, when a private security guard accidentally discharged his weapon inside a multinational bank, killing one of the bank personnel and wounding another.27 Moreover, the risks of allowing private security personnel to carry and potentially use weapons when off-duty were illustrated when a security guard employed by GardaWorld shot and killed two men in a fast-food restaurant in Canada during his break in January 2015.28 83. However, as noted above, fatal abuses do not occur only in situations where private security providers are armed or weapons are used. In 2004, a 15-year-old boy died in a youth prison in the United Kingdom after being restrained by private security guards.29 In 24 25 26 27 28 29 UNODC, State Regulation concerning Civilian Private Security Services and their Contribution to Crime Prevention and Community Safety (2014), p. 43. Available from www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/Ebook0.pdf. Born, Caparini and Cole, “Regulating private security in Europe” (see footnote 3 above), p. 27. Florquin, “A booming business: private security and small arms” (see footnote 9 above), pp. 123-124. See M. Raja, “No weapons training: Bank staffer dies after guard’s gun goes off ‘accidentally’”, Express Tribune, 18 December 2015. Available from http://tribune.com.pk/story/1011999/noweapons-training-bank-staffer-dies-after-guards-gun-goes-off-accidentally/. See J. Edmiston, “Toronto police won’t charge security guard who shot and killed two men at Danforth McDonald’s”, National Post, 15 July 2015. Available from http://news.nationalpost.com/news/toronto-police-wont-charge-security-guard-who-shot-and-killedtwo-men-at-danforth-mcdonalds. See C. Sambrook, “G4S guard fatally restrains 15 year old – gets promoted”, Open Democracy, 22 July 2013. Available from www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/clare-sambrook/g4s-guard-fatallyrestrains-15-year-old-gets-promoted. See also BBC News, “Criticism over youth jail death”, 28 June 2007. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6250406.stm. 13