A/HRC/39/28 (c) States should provide redress mechanisms for adequate, effective and prompt remedies, including gender-sensitive, victim-centred and transformative reparations, for violations of the right to participate in public affairs. States should ensure the timely and effective enforcement of decisions taken by courts of law or any other relevant independent and impartial bodies. Such decisions should be publicly accessible; (d) Adequate and accessible information should be provided to rights holders regarding available processes and procedures for access to justice and redress mechanisms, including when the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples has not been sought or obtained; (e) Capacity-building and training programmes in international human rights law for members of the judiciary and other legal professionals, in particular regarding the right to participate in public affairs, should be promoted and facilitated on a regular basis. Such programmes should integrate a gender perspective; (f) States should establish and support the functioning of national human rights institutions in line with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles); (g) National human rights institutions should have the mandate and resources to receive complaints and to monitor, report and act on violations of all aspects of the right to participate in public affairs, particularly of individuals and groups that are marginalized or discriminated against. 22. States should guarantee and give effect to the right of access to information. (a) States should recognize, protect and implement the right of access to information in their national constitutions and legal frameworks; (b) Laws and regulations on the right of access to information should comply with international human rights law, in particular by incorporating, at minimum, the following elements: (i) Maximum, regular and proactive disclosure of all information of public interest held by public authorities, and a presumption in favour of access; (ii) Any limitations should comply with international human rights law; (iii) Procedures to request information of public interest should be free of charge or available at reasonable cost, allow for fair and rapid processing and include mechanisms for independent review in cases of refusal; (iv) Protection for individuals who disclose information that they reasonably believe, at the time of disclosure, to be true and to constitute a threat or harm to a specified public interest (whistle-blowers) against legal, administrative or disciplinary sanctions; (c) States should facilitate access to information, particularly for individuals and groups that are marginalized or discriminated against. This may include establishing procedures for the provision of assistance, from formulation of requests for information through to their delivery, for the purpose of promoting equal access to information; (d) An independent and impartial oversight mechanism should be established and able to monitor and report on the implementation of the right of access to information. The reports of such mechanism should be public. 23. States should promote the principles of openness and transparency in all aspects of decision-making processes, and of accountability of public authorities for the implementation of the right to participate in public affairs. (a) Openness, transparency and accountability should be ensured at all stages of decision-making by public authorities, from initial planning to budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation; 6