A/HRC/21/26 extracting confessions.130 Furthermore, reports of children suffering abuse, ill-treatment or torture as a form of punishment or disciplinary measure are not uncommon.131 50. In a variety of States, corporal punishment, including caning or flogging, is considered as a form of lawful disciplinary measure, or is not explicitly prohibited under domestic law, and continues to be practised in a number of States.132 Physical restraint, such as handcuffing and shacking, is practised in juvenile rehabilitation centres allegedly for security reasons or as a form of punishment. 133 At times, self-inflicted injuries or even suicide in detention have been recorded.134 Furthermore, children’s privacy is not always sufficiently respected.135 Protection safeguards 51. Another key challenge is the lack of appropriate and independent mechanisms to monitor conditions of children deprived of their liberty, including the effective application of pretrial detention.136 Adequate control of detention centres is often not provided and there is no systematic inspection to investigate and evaluate actual conditions as well as violations to existing regulations.137 Moreover, mechanisms may not be available to children deprived of liberty and children placed in institutions, through which they can file a complaint regarding their treatment.138 Additionally, alleged cases of torture or illtreatment are not always investigated adequately. Often, children do not file formal complaints for fear of reprisals.139 Juvenile justice personnel 52. A further important issue relates to training of personnel working with children deprived of their liberty. Complaints often concern the inadequacy and insufficiency of training of lawyers, judges, police, prison staff and other professionals, such as social 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 16 Report on the visit of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment to Paraguay (CAT/OP/PRY/1), paras. 80, 81, 137; Honduras (CAT/OP/HND/1), para. 30; Committee against Torture, concluding observations: Turkey (CAT/C/TUR/CO/3), para. 21. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Tunisia (CRC/C/TUN/CO/3), para. 38; Committee against Torture, concluding observations: Yemen (CAT/C/YEM/CO/2/Rev.1), para. 25; Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Australia (CCPR/C/AUS/CO/5), para. 24. Committee Against Torture, concluding observations: Sri Lanka (CAT/C/LKA/CO/3-4), para. 30; Chad (CAT/C/TCD/CO/1), para. 32; Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Bulgaria (CCPR/C/BGR/CO/3), para. 14. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Great Britain and Northern Ireland (CRC/C/GBR/CO/4); para. 38; Afghanistan (CRC/C/AFG/CO/1), para. 35. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Argentina (CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4), para. 38; Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment: Mission to Uruguay (A/HRC/13/39/Add.2), para. 61. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Azerbaijan (CRC/C/AZE/CO/3-4), para. 41; Honduras (CRC/C/HND/CO/3), para. 80(c). Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Egypt (CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4), para. 86 (e); Chad (CRC/C/TCD/CO/2), para. 85. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Panama (CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4), para. 75; Guatemala (CRC/C/GTM/CO/3-4), para. 98 (g). Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Montenegro (CRC/C/MNE/CO/1), para. 34; Romania (CRC/C/ROM/CO/), para. 43; Kazakhstan (CRC/C/KAZ/CO/3), para. 34. Committee on the Rights of the Child, concluding observations: Bahreain (CRC/C/BHR/CO/2-3), para. 42; Paraguay (CRC/C/PRY/CO/3), paras 29, 35; Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment: Mission to Uruguay (A/HRC/13/39/Add.2), para. 62.