A/HRC/33/46 and eastern Tarai and the haliya system in the far western hills, found that haruwa-charuwa and haliya households accounted for 72 per cent of adults in forced labour.32 The ILO study also estimated that 33.5 per cent of the 89,545 working children aged from 5 to 17 were in forced labour, 62 per cent of whom were male and 38 per cent of whom were female. The vast majority of bonded labourers in Nepal are reported to be Dalits, persons of “low” caste, indigenous peoples or members of religious minorities. 33 Latin America 22. In Latin America, debt bondage mainly affects marginalized communities, including those impacted by poverty, indigenous peoples, those living in rural areas and persons of African descent. Victims of debt bondage are often recruited to work within their own locality or transported to areas where there are new commercial developments. They work in a range of industries, including production of charcoal and pig iron, timber processing and agriculture.34 Debt bondage has been reported in countries such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru, where there are high proportions of indigenous peoples.35 23. Most of the bonded labour documented in these countries is of short duration and thus resembles the “neo-bondage” described above. 36 Workers are usually bonded for a season; only in a few cases do they remain bonded for a longer period. The recruitment of workers is generally carried out through labour contractors or intermediaries who give workers advances and promise them decent remuneration and favourable labour conditions. Furthermore, the initial debts incurred by workers through the advances provided at the time of recruitment often continue to increase due to unexplained wage deductions or to credit used at stores run by employers to buy subsistence goods that are frequently sold at inflated prices. In some cases, the geographical isolation of labour sites and the fact that employers prevent any exchanges between workers and outside traders leaves workers with no alternatives. Children and women reportedly help their male family members in the performance of tasks or provide free domestic services to the landlord. 24. In Peru, debt bondage is reported to occur in the illegal logging and timber extraction industries, with mestizos (individuals of mixed colonial and indigenous descent) and indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon commonly victimized. 37 Two forms of forced labour in logging activities have been identified in the Amazon. The first involves indigenous workers being contracted to perform activities in their own communities, whereas the second sees indigenous and mestizo workers being hired to work in logging camps owned by timber bosses. Enforcement of the arrangements between workers and 32 33 34 35 36 37 10 ILO, Forced Labour of Adults and Children in the Agriculture Sector of Nepal (ILO Country Office for Nepal, 2013), series No. 11, pp. 59 and 60. Submission from Anti-Slavery International. ILO, The Cost of Coercion: Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, International Labour Conference, ninety-eighth session (2009), report I (B), pp. 8 and 19. Available from www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--declaration/documents/publication/wcms_106268.pdf; and submission from ILO. See http://www.cepal.org/en/infografias/los-pueblos-indigenas-en-america-latina. Eduardo Bedoya Garland, Alvaro Bedoya Silva‐Santisteban and Patrick Belser, “Debt bondage and ethnic discrimination in Latin America”, in Forced Labor: Coercion and Exploitation in the Private Economy, Beate Andrees and Patrick Belser, eds. (Boulder, Colorado; Lynne Rienner Publishers, ILO; 2009), pp. 42 and 45. Eduardo Bedoya Garland and Alvaro Bedoya Silva-Santisteban, “El trabajo forzoso en la extracción de la madera en la Amazonía peruana”, working paper (Geneva, ILO, 2005), p. ix; and Bhavna Sharma, “Contemporary forms of slavery in Peru” (Anti-Slavery International, 2006), p. 3. GE.16-11363