A/HRC/35/10 16. Women are deeply affected by intersectional discrimination when seeking employment or at the workplace. Stereotypes held by employers, colleagues or business partners, whether subtle or explicit, may surface during the hiring process or at the workplace. In France, an experiment showed that women with a Senegalese sounding name had 8.4 per cent chance of being called for an interview when applying for a job, compared with 13.9 per cent for men with a Senegalese sounding name and 22.6 per cent for women with a French-sounding name.7 Women may be requested to conceal their cultural or religious identity, and face harassment or even dismissal for not doing so. They may be asked to fulfil additional selection requirements, be denied a promotion, asked to do lower level jobs, or earn less for the same type of work. 17. According to the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, the amount, intensity and drudgery of unpaid care work increase with poverty and social exclusion, while the situation is often worse for women who experience discrimination and social exclusion on other grounds, such as ethnicity, race, colour, health or marital status. Women and girls in poor households spend more time in unpaid work than in non-poor households because they have limited access to public services, adequate infrastructure and resources to pay for care services or time-saving technology. Intensive unpaid care work has a direct impact on women’s and girls’ ability to realize their rights throughout their lifecycle, as it limits their opportunities to have access to and progress in education, to participate in income-earning activities and to accumulate retirement incomes and savings, all of which contribute to their higher vulnerability to poverty (A/68/293, paras. 14 and 18). 18. Marginalized communities often live in areas that are geographically segregated and characterized by lack of public transport and infrastructure, basic services and clean water, inadequate housing and sanitation, high levels of insecurity and violence. Women and girls living in such areas can be disproportionately affected by the lack of housing, health services, including sexual and reproductive health services, education and employment, as well as the lack of protection by the State from insecurity and violence. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the level of poverty of an AfroEcuadorian woman living in rural areas accounts for 87.3 per cent per unsatisfied basic needs, while the average of an urban Afro-Ecuadorian woman is 62.2 per cent.8 Statistics also show that women of African descent have less access to housing,9 health and education10 than men of African descent and women not of African descent. 19. Intersecting forms of discrimination restrict women’s and girls’ access to land, financial assets and productive resources. According to the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, 64 per cent of all indigenous women in Guatemala are unpaid family workers, with little or no independent access to land, credit or other productive resource (E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.3, para. 11). The Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice noted that, in Peru, indigenous women are forced from their lands by the activities of extractive industries or informal mining operations, while compensation payments for communal land are mainly paid to male heads of households. As a result, indigenous women are deprived of their lands, drinking water and means of subsistence and agricultural production, lack access to opportunities for employment and skills development, and consequently often face extreme 7 8 9 10 European Network against Racism, Afrophobia in Europe: ENAR Shadow Report 2014-2015. UNDP, Derechos de la población afrodescendiente de América Latina: Desafíos para su implementación, Panamá, p. 130. Ibid., p. 140. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, The Road to Substantive Democracy: Women’s Political Participation in the Americas, 18 April 2011, para. 94. 5