A/HRC/44/41/Add.1 they could not leave the camps because they relied solely on humanitarian assistance to survive. Existing income-generating initiatives should be strengthened and expanded in scope, with a special focus on women and girls. Solid, extensive, diverse income-generating schemes for women could not only address their basic needs but also reduce their vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence, besides expanding their options for durable solutions. 59. Lack of social cohesion and fears relating to the area of origin including trauma and fears of discrimination, marginalization and violence due to community tensions have hindered the return of many displaced persons. Insecurity and fear of the resurgence of ISIL have also hindered returns. Many internally displaced persons have experienced violence and extreme distress in the context of the armed conflict and displacement, and have difficulty returning to places where they have endured these traumatic events, particularly the Yazidi and other minorities. 60. Internally displaced persons who are perceived to have some degree of association with ISIL have also struggled to return to their areas of origin, fearing retaliation from communities. Communities that have been subjected to extreme human rights violations by ISIL are resistant to take back these families, fearing a resurgence of ISIL and lacking confidence in the security and judicial measures taken in Iraq. On the other hand, these families should not be punished for actual or alleged acts of others, and their segregation and marginalization does not contribute to healing the grievances that fuelled the conflict. On the contrary, the marginalization of entire groups might create fertile ground for the resurgence of extremist groups. 61. Development, social cohesion and reconciliation are essential elements for achieving durable solutions for those who remain displaced, and for preventing further waves of displacement. Such undertakings will require not only massive reconstruction of damaged infrastructure and housing, and demining but also the promotion of tolerance and respect for diversity, and dialogue among different ethnic and religious groups in the country. 20 Humanitarian assistance and protection efforts targeting internally displaced persons and returnees should be combined with long-term strategies to promote human rights and to support education, livelihood opportunities and social cohesion. Longer-term activities founded on the humanitarian-development-peace nexus should be strengthened to foster durable solutions. 62. The Special Rapporteur notes the emerging local and contextually-based joint approaches of the Government of Iraq, the United Nations and non-governmental organizations that foster a consolidated approach to peacebuilding, economic recovery and livelihoods, and physical and social rehabilitation. She is also encouraged by a number of new agreements among governorates and those between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Ninewa governorate, for example, with regard to return to disputed territories. Stabilization efforts should, however, be seriously scaled up, especially in village and localities of return, with the inclusion of civilian structures for the rule of law and accountability. A national peace and reconciliation plan should be developed to address issues relating to reintegration, reparation and justice, while ensuring the participation of internally displaced persons in decision-making. Recovery efforts should dedicate special attention to children, and increase investment in quality education and mental health and psychosocial support. Most of these efforts require development support in the areas of origin and, particularly, in the very villages and local places where the internally displaced persons used to live. Recovery efforts should also address the specific challenges that ethnic and religious minorities face in their pursuit of durable solutions. 63. Moreover, any sustainable response to the internal displacement situation in Iraq, as in any other State, requires accountability and the rule of law under international human rights. This will entail justice for crimes committed during the conflict by all parties to the conflict, including crimes committed against ethnic and religious minorities and conflict-related sexual violence, with trials conducted with respect for fair trial guarantees and human rights standards. The acknowledgement of the crimes committed and of the responsibility of perpetrators is 20 See for example Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Displacement as challenge and opportunity - Urban profile: Refugees, internally displaced persons and host community, Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, May 2016. 13