A/HRC/45/8/Add.1 13. Togo has also ratified the eight fundamental International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions, namely the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29); the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105); the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182); the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87); the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); the Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100); the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111); and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98). 14. Furthermore, Togo has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labour.8 As defined in the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), the worst forms of child labour comprise the following: (a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict; (b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances; (c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties; (d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children. 15. Article 3 (a) of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) recognizes the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage, serfdom and forced or compulsory labour (including in armed conflict) as “slavery or practices similar to slavery”. This complicates the relationship between slavery, the “institutions and practices similar to slavery”, and forced labour set out above by including trafficking and forced labour under the umbrella of slavery or practices similar to slavery in the context of child exploitation. This reflects international jurisprudence on slavery of adults, through the ambiguous recognition of “contemporary forms of slavery” as a more encompassing category than slavery alone,9 and the blanket inclusion of human trafficking in the prohibition of slavery and forced labour.10 16. During her visit, the Special Rapporteur received information that the Government of Togo was taking steps to ratify the ILO Domestic Workers’ Convention, 2011 (No. 189). 17. Togo has also ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as well as a number of regional instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Multilateral Cooperation Agreement to Combat Child Trafficking in West Africa and the Multilateral Cooperation Agreement to Combat Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children in West and Central Africa. 18. Togo participated in a voluntary national review within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2016, 2017 and 2018, but these reviews did not focus on Goal 8 which, in target 8.7, requests States to “take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the 8 9 10 4 The ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182); the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict; and Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. See, for instance, International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovač and Zoran Vuković, case No. IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, judgment of 22 February 2001; and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Caso Trabajadores de la Hacienda Brasil Verde v. Brasil, judgment of 20 October 2016 (preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs). See, for instance, European Court of Human Rights, Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia (application No. 25965/04), judgment of 7 January 2010.