A/HRC/4/26 page 23 C. Considerations by the Special Rapporteur 79. Upon review of existing research, the Special Rapporteur finds a lack of accurate information on the phenomenon of suicide terrorism. There is a need for Governments to carefully assess both the human rights implications and the effectiveness of their measures to prevent suicide bombings. Profiling of potential suicide bombers on the basis of stereotypical images of marginalized and fanatic persons prone to manipulation creates a risk of discrimination, but may also misdirect efforts to prevent suicide attacks. Research suggests that a typical suicide terrorist does not resemble a murderer or a religious cult member, but is similar to an individual who is politically conscious and could join a grass-roots movement in order to advance something he or she believes in.67 80. Terrorist groupings will continue to find recruits as long as they can offer marginalized individuals an illusion of a way out of their desperate situation. Both the countries concerned and other Governments engaged in development cooperation need to enhance the role of women and children, addressing their needs and protecting and promoting their human rights: “The best way to fight the war on terror is to make the terrorist organizations less appealing - to men and to women.”68 Other means for looking for political and social change have to be made available by the countries concerned and through a human rights-based approach to development.69 81. The available evidence suggests that restrictive asylum and immigration laws, profiling practices based on religion, nationality or ethnicity, increased military presence, outsized surveillance of public places, surveillance of telephones, text messages (SMS) and e-mails are inapt and not productive and thus easily disproportionate means of countering terrorism. Suicide bombings appear to be more politically and socio-economically motivated than religiously or ethnically motivated. The situations in which Governments fear attacks, has prompted reactions which clearly do not fulfil the criteria of proportionality. These reactions must be considered as questionable under international human rights law. 67 Robert Pape has collected 462 profiles of suicide bombers since the 1980s. See Pape, Dying to Win, Random House, New York, 2005 and “The strategic logic of suicide terrorism”, American Political Science Review, 97, 343-361. 68 See Bloom, op. cit., note 57. See also Mia Bloom, “Devising a theory of suicide terror”, in Pape, Dying to Kill. 69 The Council of Europe Committee of Ministers instructed its Committee of Experts for the “European Year of Citizenship through Education” (CAHCIT) to discuss how human rights education could contribute to international action against terrorism. The response was that young people must be equipped with means of playing an active role in democratic life and in the exercise of their rights and responsibilities in the society (paragraph 12 v (e) of the recommendation). See “Combating terrorism through culture”, recommendation 1687 (2004) (Parliamentary Assembly Doc. 10689, 30 September 2005).