A/HRC/39/34 ethnic, religious, linguistic and racial minorities — and in particular women and girls belonging to those groups. 24. The experts pointed out ongoing efforts to make the above-mentioned groups visible. At the national level, for example, the national statistics bureaux of South Africa and Kenya were applying a human rights-based approach to data8 and collecting data to capture intersectional forms of discrimination. The national statistical bureau of South Africa collected data disaggregated by sex, age, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, religion, civil status and income/living standard. South Africa had also extended age ranges for data collection to 15 years and older, enabling the collection of data on older persons, including older women who were often excluded from the scope of development. In Kenya, data on persons with disabilities, including people living with albinism, and people belonging to ethnic minorities were collected. In addition to data disaggregation, both national statistical bureaux applied the principles of participation, transparency, privacy and accountability and, to a certain extent, the principle of self-identification. In order to facilitate the application of a human rights-based approach to data, the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics was collaborating with the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. 25. At the regional level, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean was supporting the collection of disaggregated data and their analysis, including on intersecting forms of discrimination based on gender and other grounds, in particular race and indigenous status. An expert pointed out that during the past 20 years an increasing number of countries in Latin America had started to collect data on Afrodescendants and indigenous peoples. Intensive analysis had been made of the impact of intersecting forms of discrimination against indigenous and Afrodescendent women. 9 At the global level, efforts had also been made to collect data on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming persons. For example, the UNDP “LGBTI Inclusion Index” aimed to measure to what extent lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons enjoyed access to opportunities and services and the outcomes of development in five areas, namely: health; economic well-being; personal security and violence; education; and political and civic participation. 10 26. One of the key challenges faced in data collection was how to capture diversity among women and girls and the intersectionality of the discrimination they faced. For example, in Latin America alone 826 groups had identified themselves as indigenous peoples, and it was estimated that another 200 indigenous peoples might exist. While the principle of self-identification was one of the key principles of a human rights approach to data, not all people who faced discrimination owing to their perceived identity might recognize themselves as such. For example, persons living with a psychosocial disability, including older persons, might not identify themselves as persons with a disability. Nonbinary or gender non-conforming people in different parts of the world might have different identities that did not fit within the categories of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons and thus did not self-identify as such. Stigma and discrimination might also make people refrain from self-identifying themselves as belonging to marginalized groups. Capturing such diversity was a challenge, in particular in a resource-scarce context. 8 9 10 See also the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A Human RightsBased Approach to Data: Leaving No One Behind in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Geneva, 2018). See also see Economic Commision for Latin America and the Caribbean, Mujeres indígenas en América Latina: dinámicas demográficas y sociales en el marco de los derechos humanos, 2013; Los pueblos indígenas en América Latina: Avances en el último decenio y retos pendientes para la garantía de sus derechos, 2014; Situación de las personas afrodescendientes en América Latina y desafíos de políticas para la garantía de sus derechos, 2017; Los pueblos indígenas en América (Abya Yala): desafíos para la igualdad en la diversidad, 2018. For more details on the methodology, see www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/publication/investing-in-a-research-revolution-forlgbti-inclusion. 7