A/HRC/7/6 page 15 • Percentage of “closed” mutilation (infibulation, sealing) and “open” mutilation (excision) Addressing trends in the forms of genital mutilation for adult women and their daughters • Performer of female genital mutilation Tracing any movement towards more medicalized procedures • Support of or opposition to female genital mutilation by women and men aged 15-49 An attitude measure to explore changing norms 53. Additional institutional indicators are measured at the local level. It is the combination of outcome, process and institutional indicators, rooted in current policy processes, that make this a commendable example. 54. To summarize, much prevalence research has addressed a limited range of forms of violence against women, and few surveys have included the full range. Methodology is most developed for intimate partner violence and some forms of violence have been considered less amenable to measurement, especially those termed “harmful traditional practices”. It remains a global and local challenge to ensure that all forms of violence against women are measured, whether in the same instrument or through a series of specific modules. B . Indicators for measuring violence against women 55. Assessing progress should be based on the internationally recognized goal of eliminating violence against women. To decide from the outset to limit outcome measures to intimate partner violence, as some have proposed, would not only mean that the current imbalance in the knowledge will deepen but also make it impossible to document trends over time for the most fundamental outcome indicator.22 56. Attempting to harmonize multiple proposals for measuring violence against women is not realistic for both discursive and methodological reasons. Even in the multi-country studies, it was impossible to implement surveys in precisely the same way due to variations in available resources and cultural contexts. We need, therefore, a “careful and research-based process of standardization”.18 Do we need comparable surveys, modules, questions or data? While methodologists may wish for all four, international indicators require only comparable data. The post hoc analysis by the network of the Co-ordination Action on Human Rights Violations of five European studies demonstrated that analysis can create comparability. This suggests 22 See Walby, S. (2007), Indicators to measure violence against women, paper for UNECE expert consultation, www.unece.org/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.30/2007/mtg1/wp.1.e.pdf.