A/HRC/19/59 clear exit strategy. In particular, as noted in the proposal for a draft code of conduct for sustainable diets, ―when ecosystems are able to support sustainable diets, nutrition programmes, policies and interventions supporting the use of supplements, RUTF [readyto-use therapeutic foods], fortificants, and infant formulas are inappropriate and can lead to malnutrition, and ... the marketing of these food substitutes and related products can contribute to major public health problems‖.35 C. The added value of a human rights framework 22. The above-mentioned nutrition initiatives can be strengthened by adopting a humanrights based approach (accountability, participation and non-discrimination) and by being integrated into broader national strategies for the realization of the right to food. Such an approach will increase effectiveness and the ability to contribute to sustainable, long-term solutions. 23. Accountability requires that, once commitments are made and targets set, progress is monitored, including progress in the delivery of resources, and a failure to achieve results will lead to redefine the means chosen. It is therefore essential that indicators be built to measure inputs, outcomes, and processes, and that corrective action be taken where the resources committed are not made available or when the results do not meet the expectations.36 24. The requirement of participation, consistent with guideline 10.3 of the Right to Food Guidelines, ensures that local agricultural and nutrition contexts be considered. It also means that solutions will be demand-driven, that local partners will be identified, and that country-led action will not be equated with government-led action. It also allows identifying alternative solutions based on local knowledge and conditions, such as homestead or community gardens. Participation requires that beneficiaries take part in the process of evaluation, and co-design the solutions that could benefit them most. This is not only empowering, but also enhances the effectiveness of interventions because it builds a feedback loop to facilitate ongoing learning and improvement of policies. 25. The requirement of non-discrimination ensures that interventions are targeted, with a focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, and that they are gender sensitive. Finally, the adoption of national strategies for the realization of the right to food by Governments through participatory means should ensure that the needs of all groups are identified, including those of pregnant and lactating women and infants, and actions planned to address those needs. Such strategies should also link efforts to improve nutrition during early childhood with later life, adopting a life-course perspective as recommended by WHO,37 in order to take into account, for instance, that in contrast to breastfeeding, formula feeding may be a cause of obesity; they should facilitate inter-departmental coordination, recognizing that the right to adequate diets requires a collaborative effort 35 36 37 12 Final report of the International Scientific Symposium on Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets (footnote 4 above), p. 16. Compare with the Secretary-General‘s Global Strategy for Women‘s and Children‘s Health launched on 22 September 2010, which is explicitly grounded in the human right to the highest attainable standard of health and sees a key role for accountability. See the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, WHA resolution 57.17, annex, para. 28. On the importance of this approach, see R. Uauy and J. Kain, ―The epidemiological transition: need to incorporate obesity prevention into nutrition programmes,‖ Public Health Nutrition, vol. 5, No. (2002), pp. 223–229.