A/HRC/11/6 page 17 intra-household food distribution, inadequate public health care and exclusion from decision-making processes. Women disproportionately bear the impact of food supply crises, food price rises and the privatization of the food supply. Women’s role as food providers and carers for their families, together with their general lack of property and labour rights, makes them particularly vulnerable when entitlement failure with respect to food occurs. For instance, in order to put food on the table for their families, women may go into prostitution putting themselves at risk of violence and of HIV/AIDS. In IDP camps, many girls and women have reportedly also been forced to engage in “survival sex” to obtain food. 52. Women agricultural producers suffer the most negative effects of trade liberalization and changes in agricultural markets. Although they make up the majority of agricultural workers in many of the developing countries, due to lack of access to resources, secure tenure, credit, equipment, training and market know-how, poor rural women are further marginalized by trade liberalization that favours large-scale export cash crop production. Food security reflects one of the most distorted outcomes of the uneven distribution of international trade. 53. Trade liberalization locks in tariff reductions which have reduced the availability of funds for agricultural investment and the provision of agriculture-related services that could help women to produce food more efficiently including for export markets.38 Although the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture allows for some exemptions from liberalization obligations for food security purposes, it is not clear whether these exceptions will enhance food security for the poorest people in poor countries. 4. Right to water 54. The task of collecting and providing clean water for their families and communities exposes women to similar risks and challenges as that of providing food. Women often have to walk long distances to fetch water in communities where access to clean water is lacking. Narratives of pregnant Nepalese women describe how women labour to fetch water for their families and suffer miscarriages on the journey.39 Likewise, there are reports of Nigerian women who are raped by men or mauled by wild animals on their way to collect water.40 55. Contamination of the water supply also has a particularly detrimental impact on women. Because women collect the water with which they prepare the food they may be blamed for the health consequences, or they may have to travel ever greater distances to gather clean water if local sources are no longer available. Poor Bangladeshi women suffering from arsenic poisoning 38 Spieldoch, Alexandra, A Row to Hoe: The Gender Impact of Trade Liberalization on our Food System, Agricultural Markets and Women’s Human Rights, Geneva: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 2007 (available at http://www.tradeobservatory.org/library. cfm?refID=96833). 39 Regmi Sabrina, “Nepali women and their struggles over water during Pregnancy”. International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2007), pp. 522-523. 40 Rotimi, Olayinka, “Ogijo, Nigeria: Testimony”, ibid., p. 521.