A/HRC/29/44 improve vaccination delivery including with regard to thermostability, presentation and packaging, combinations, safety and efficiency. Timely, transparent and accurate market information for manufacturers and States was essential to its work to promote sustainable access to vaccines for all. 45. Nana Boohene, Procurement and Supply Specialist, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and Hye-Young Lim, Human Rights Adviser at the Global Fund, presented the Fund’s work to promote access to medicines. A rapidly evolving global health landscape required innovative approaches to increasing access to essential health commodities. The Global Fund operated in 140 countries and adaptability was integral to maximizing its impact. When States reached middle-income status, they lost access to certain benefits in international assistance and delayed implementation of TRIPs which had an impact on their ability to procure medicines. The Fund sought to improve access by underserved populations worldwide by reducing market fragmentation to capitalize on collective negotiating power including through the use of electronic marketplaces and exchanges. Its strategies directly integrated human rights considerations, focused on procurement for impact, leveraged new technologies for innovation and supply chain management, and promoted market access and continuity of supply. The Fund sought to increase investment in programmes that addressed human rights barriers to accessing health services and withdraw support from programmes that infringed upon human rights. 46. Rohit Malpani, Access to Medicines Campaign Director of Policy and Analysis, Médecins Sans Frontières, described the Access Campaign, which responded to doctors’ frustration regarding the availability, affordability and suitability of medicines. It sought to address basic market failures of the patent system, under which research and development costs were to be recouped through monopolies leading to high-priced products. There was no incentive for research and development for the poor nor for expanding their access. The Campaign called for delinking product prices from research and development costs. Its 3P project, “push, pull, pool”, aimed to combine push funding, pull funding and the pooling of intellectual property rights to promote innovative research and development for new, effective tuberculosis drug regimens and affordable access to quality medicines for all. In multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the 3P project incentivized collaborative, early-stage research through patent pooling and pull and push funding. By securing public funding for prizes and clinical trials, ensuring an open and collaborative model, it promoted the collaborative development of drug regimens through patent pooling. The Campaign was seeking to promote a model of research and development that delinked its cost from the final product price and ensured that research and development for tuberculosis was carried out in a manner that delivered effective, short-course, affordable tuberculosis regimens for all. 47. Lena Kähler, Researcher, Human Rights and Development, Danish Institute for Human Rights, a national human rights institution mandated to promote and protect human rights in Denmark and abroad, introduced the Institute’s efforts to develop indicators for accessibility, availability, acceptability and quality in the context of the right to health. The lack of consensus on the interpretation of economic, social and cultural rights constituted an obstacle to its work. By developing a generally applicable toolbox on right to health indicators, it hoped to promote realization of the right to health locally and globally. The Institute had identified as core obligations the availability of essential medicines, prevention, treatment and control of epidemic and endemic diseases, immunization against major infectious diseases, and reproductive, maternal and child health care. 48. During the discussion, there were interventions from representatives of Brazil, Chile, the China Medical Association, the Colombian Commission of Jurists, Third World Network, Universities Allied for Essential Medicines, as well as from Dr. Sengupta, Dr. Mohamed and Dr. Meguid. Some speakers described efforts to impede production of 14