A/HRC/3/2 page 72 320. All attacks on civilian infrastructure, including roads, bridges, airport and ports, water facilities, factories, farms and shops, in particular far from the confrontations in the South, even in cases of “dual use”, cannot be justified in each instance under military necessity and was disproportionate to the military advantage they provided. They constitute a violation of Israel’s obligations under international humanitarian law to distinguish between military targets and civilian objects. 321. The attack on the Jiyyeh power plant led to a massive oil spill that polluted most of the Lebanese coast. The failure of IDF to take the necessary precautionary measures violated Israel’s international law, international humanitarian law, and human rights obligations to protect the natural environment and the right to health. In particular it caused significant damage to the Byblos archaeological site, included in the UNESCO World Heritage list, which equally contravened the same international obligation. 322. The targeting of civilian convoys was indiscriminate and constitutes a disproportionate use of force which violates Israel’s international humanitarian law and international human rights obligations. 323. By targeting clearly marked LRC and civil defence ambulances and personnel carrying out their activities, and by the direct attacks and the collateral damage caused to medical facilities, IDF committed a serious violation of customary and conventional international humanitarian law. 324. The deliberate attacks on places of worship, churches and mosques, were unjustified and go beyond the requirements of distinction and military necessity. They constituted a serious violation of international humanitarian law obligations. 325. IDF attacks in the vicinity of sites listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List caused damage to protected property, particularly to archaeological sites in Baalbeck and Tyre, as well as in sites of historical importance to the Lebanese population, such as Chamaa, Khiyam, Tibnin, and Bent J’Beil. These attacks violate Israel’s international humanitarian law obligation to undertake the necessary precautionary measures to avoid direct or indirect damage to especially protected cultural, historical and archaeological property. 326. Concerning the direct targeting of schools, the Commission did not find any evidence as to the effective military contribution of attacking buildings. These attacks constitute, therefore, a grave violation of international humanitarian law and human rights obligations. 327. Acts of vandalism against houses, schools and religious places by IDF constitute a particular violation of human rights and international humanitarian law. 328. IDF warnings to civilians directing them to evacuate their homes were largely ineffective. Civilians were attacked when doing so, and evacuation was physically impossible. The principle of precaution aimed at sparing civilians from the effects of the conflict was not respected. The use of warning leaflets of a propaganda nature does not meet international humanitarian law obligations.