A/HRC/42/51 I. Mandate and methodology 1. In the present report, submitted to the Human Rights Council pursuant to its resolution 40/17, the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic presents its findings based on investigations conducted from 11 January to 10 July 2019.1 The methodology employed by the Commission was based on the best practices of commissions of inquiry and fact-finding missions. 2. The information contained herein is based on 291 interviews conducted in the region and from Geneva. The Commission collected, reviewed and analysed satellite imagery, photographs, videos and medical records. Communications from Governments and nongovernmental organizations were taken into consideration, as were United Nations reports. 3. The standard of proof was considered met when the Commission obtained and corroborated a reliable body of information sufficient for it to conclude that there were reasonable grounds to believe the incidents occurred as described and that violations were committed by the identified warring party. Protection concerns in relation to interviewees further affected the Commission’s inquiry. In all cases, the Commission remained guided by the principle of “do no harm”. 4. Since its inception, the Commission has been open to discussing its findings with the authorities of the Syrian Arab Republic, although its investigations remain curtailed by the denial of access to the country. II. Introductory remarks 5. For nearly eight years, the Commission has chronicled violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law in the Syrian Arab Republic. Throughout this period, the Syrian conflict has generated myriad distinct conflict settings and, correspondingly, a variety of harsh realities for Syrian women, men and children. Violations differ in scale and manner from one region to another, depending on the actors waging campaigns in a given region and those having control of it. In many governorates, civilians continue to persevere despite enormous protection gaps. Those suffering the most belong to vulnerable groups, such as women, children, older persons, persons with disabilities and minorities. 6. As has been a hallmark of the conflict, civilians continue to bear the brunt of the ongoing hostilities, including in Idlib, northern Hama, Ladhiqiyah and western Aleppo. Indeed, combat operations escalated during the reporting period, destroying infrastructure essential to the survival of the civilian population, including hospitals, markets, educational facilities and agricultural resources and forcing hundreds of thousands to flee. Meanwhile, civilians in the east of the country (Dayr al-Zawr) witnessed the winding down of largescale military operations by the United States-led international coalition 2 and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), which had led to the near complete destruction of towns and villages. 7. Waves of displacements ensued, in which tens of thousands fleeing the battle zones in Dayr al-Zawr sought refuge in makeshift settlements, straining the already severely overstretched humanitarian resources. The displacements have resulted not only in limited access to resources for civilians, but also an uneven distribution of services throughout the country. Furthermore, prolonged displacements remain unresolved, in particular in large camp settings, including Al-Hol, Ain-Issa, Al-Roj, Atma and Rukban camps, in which tens of thousands of civilians remain confined in desperate conditions amid wastelands. 1 2 The commissioners are Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (Chair), Karen Koning AbuZayd and Hanny Megally. In 2014, an international coalition of more than 60 Member States joined together to combat Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) through a variety of means, including air strikes. 3