A/HRC/45/21 energy), science, technology and innovation, and private sector development varies substantially among and within countries, with further disparities being recorded in respect of women and some underserved or unserved communities, especially in rural areas. 92 Foreign direct investment in the least developed countries is concentrated in the extractive industries, especially in Africa. Concentration in extractivism often contributes to noninclusive growth and provides few development opportunities to local populations.93 The Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has argued that extractivism requires a structural racial equality analysis at the global and local levels that addresses historical patterns of racial discrimination. 94 Businesses should respect human rights 95 and States are under the obligation to take steps to prevent and provide redress for infringements of human rights that occur outside their territories due to the activities of business entities over which they can exercise control, including those engaged in foreign direct investments. 96 Consideration should be given to how States and international organizations can use public procurement to build back better and to how procurement decisions can contribute to developing the national economies of the least developed countries, respecting human rights and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. 52. The Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries included the goal of doubling the share of the least developed countries’ exports in global exports by 2020, 97 which would further contribute to mobilizing resources to these countries. Progress has been made in terms of duty-free and quota-free market access, promoting transparent and predictable rules of origin applicable to imports from the least developed countries, and other special and differential treatment provisions. In contrast, the least developed countries’ share of world merchandise exports deteriorated during most years between 2011 and 2018.98 Addressing development challenges related to the remoteness and landlockedness of many least developed countries will require accelerated implementation of the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway 99 and the Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024100 based on the outcomes of their respective midterm reviews. 101 53. The environmental vulnerability index is composed of indicators on the instability of agricultural production, the share of the population living in low elevated coastal zones, the share of the population living in drylands and victims of disaster. In the least developed countries, the value added per worker in agriculture increased by 12 per cent between 2011 and 2018. 102 The percentage of arable land equipped with irrigation systems remained constant, despite challenges posed by desertification in some regions. Climate financing received by the least developed countries still falls far short of the $93 billion annual requirement, according to one estimate, to fund both mitigation and adaptation measures post-2020.103 With an increase in the number of threats of natural disasters, including due to climate change and other external shocks, improvement in this criterion becomes even more relevant to the enjoyment of human rights. Development partners and the least developed countries should implement the Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction for 2015–2030 and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework considering guidance by human rights mechanisms on the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment.104 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 A/75/72, paras. 9–17. Ibid., paras. 61–65. A/HRC/41/54. www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf, p. 13. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 24, paras. 30–35. A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1, annex, para. 65 (a). A/75/72, paras. 20–26. General Assembly resolution 69/15, annex. Ibid., resolution 69/137, annex II. Ibid., resolutions 74/15 and 74/3. A/75/72, paras. 18–19. Ibid., paras. 48–49. E.g., A/HRC/43/53 and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 37. 13