A/HRC/39/25 30. Nand Wadhwani from the Mother and Child Health and Education Trust (India) delivered a presentation on the opportunity provided by new technologies to increase access to health-care knowledge. He highlighted the fact that most deaths of infants under 5 years of age were from treatable and preventable causes, and that a lack of basic health-care knowledge cost lives. He stressed the need to ensure that mothers knew about basic health care; currently, pregnant women received little to no health information. Despite the inadequacy of health-care budgets, the advent of smartphones and mobile technology today allowed health knowledge to be brought directly to those who need it most, bypassing complex administrative structures. The vision of the Mother and Child Health and Education Trust was to give every woman, when she registers her pregnancy, access to a video library, in her own language, containing information on the importance of the first 1,000 days of pregnancy, starting from pregnancy. The library could serve as an instruction manual for the entire pregnancy and help mothers to be in contact with health-care professionals. 31. Laura Ferguson of the Program on Global Health and Human Rights, Institute for Global Health, University of Southern California, presented her perspective on using routinely collected child health data for monitoring human rights and on ensuring sustainable approaches to collecting human rights data. She provided an overview of a human rights-based approach, and emphasized the importance of relying on data, and in particular disaggregated data, to strengthen the implementation of a human rights-based approach in health systems. She pointed out that human rights evaluations were complex; there was therefore a need for interim indicators to help to identify specific pathways and theories of change. She outlined a framework for assessing the extent to which existing child health indicators could shed light on the realization of human rights, and highlighted how findings could be used to inform national and subnational data-collection efforts. She underscored the need to ensure the local relevance of all data to help to ensure that they were used to inform improved service delivery with a view to improving child health and the realization of children’s rights. 32. Participants discussed how monitoring and measuring progress was central to addressing discrimination and inequalities, and debated the role and limitations of randomized controlled trials. Some stressed the importance of community-based monitoring and of data that captured elements absent from routine hospital data, which were easy to collect but uninformative on human rights indicators, such as accessibility and acceptability. One participant pointed out that data were usually not disaggregated and could be subject to double counting, such as on immunization coverage in South Africa. Routinely collected household survey data also did not generate qualitative human rights data, and there were limits to what could be collected through household surveys. Participants added that special monitoring methods and disaggregated data collection were necessary in health facilities alongside qualitative research to reflect human rights dimensions. Primary and secondary health-care facilities should be integrated, and more investment made in community health interventions and their assessment. In this context, engaging men to combat gender barriers and monitoring pregnant women correctly were essential. IV. Strengthening measures for children at heightened risk A. Addressing newborn and child mortality in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis 33. Roberta Petrucci of Médecins sans Frontières (Switzerland) gave an overview of the impact of conflict and emergencies on children’s health. She explained that one in six children lived in countries affected by conflict, that more than a third of child deaths were in countries affected by conflict and emergencies, and that 50 per cent of all refugees were children. Displaced children had a greatly heightened risk of mortality, and children were disproportionately affected by terrorist attacks and actively recruited into armed groups. Complex factors beyond the medical realm led to high rates of child mortality in conflict and humanitarian crises, such as lack of access to water and sanitation, exposure to malaria 10