A/HRC/41/40 numerous ongoing conflicts and the continuing adverse effects of climate change. Human rights violations frequently precede or trigger internal displacement and occur during or after displacement, and are both a cause and a consequence of internal displacement. 13. Internally displaced persons may experience increased risks of numerous grave human rights and protection challenges during all phases of displacement. Even after displacement has occurred human rights concerns continue, including security and safety of returnees; access to food, water and livelihoods; restitution of property; and the availability of durable solutions. Human rights issues have an impact on all communities affected by displacement, including those hosting IDPs. National human rights institutions have a critical role in promoting and protecting the human rights of IDPs and other displacementaffected communities, raising the alarm for possible displacement and monitoring the rights of IDPs throughout their displacement. 14. National human rights institutions are State-mandated bodies, independent of Government, with broad constitutional or legal mandates to protect and promote all human rights. The principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles) set out minimum standards required for NHRIs to be considered credible and operate effectively, including establishment under primary law or the Constitution; a broad mandate to promote and protect human rights; formal and functional independence; pluralism; adequate resources and financial autonomy; freedom to address any human rights issue; annual reporting on the national human rights situation; and cooperation with national and international actors. 15. As of March 2019, 122 of the 197 States Members of the United Nations had established a national human rights institution. 2 However, only 78 of them are fully compliant with the Paris Principles and further efforts are required to increase the number of fully compliant NHRIs. OHCHR, the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI)3 and regional networks of NHRIs play a major role in promoting the establishment and strengthening of the institutions. 16. National human rights institutions undertake a variety of roles, including monitoring and investigating the national human rights situation; reporting to national, regional and international monitoring bodies including the United Nations; supporting individuals to enforce their rights by handling complaints or providing legal assistance; advising Government, parliament and other public bodies; eradicating discrimination; ensuring the compliance of national laws and practices with international and regional human rights norms and standards; publishing research, recommendations and opinions; promoting a culture of rights through training and awareness-raising; supporting human rights defenders; and cooperating with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society and regional bodies. 17. Numerous NHRIs have attuned their functions to become more aware of the protection concerns of IDPs and operational in their activities on their behalf. In several countries, including Colombia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Uganda and Ukraine, NHRIs play prominent roles in addressing internal displacement, sometimes in partnership with humanitarian organizations. Some have created focal points or units on IDPs, become active in protection clusters, developed internal guidance tools and expanded their presence in locations requiring protection monitoring of displacement situations. They gather data that influence the actions of governmental and non-government actors. With enhanced operational and advocacy roles, NHRIs are key stakeholders in the development and implementation of legislation and policy on internal displacement. 18. The year 2018 marked the twentieth anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. As part of the commemorative initiatives, the Plan of Action for Advancing Prevention, Protection and Solutions for Internally Displaced People 2018– 2 3 See https://nhri.ohchr.org/EN/Documents/Status%20Accreditation%20Chart %20%2804%20March%202019.pdf. See https://nhri.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/default.aspx. 5