A/HRC/43/42 not have the contextual knowledge to adequately handle albinism-specific cases.105 Other cost-related barriers also exist. For instance, in Uganda, it was reported that the police charge a fee for making inquiries into an allegation, which is unaffordable for most persons with albinism,106 particularly women who are often the most economically disadvantaged. Furthermore, the corruption that can occur in police departments is costly to the complainants and effectively delays investigations. 107 80. Rehabilitative support for women and children with albinism who are victims of attacks and discrimination is largely unavailable, although sporadic support is often provided by civil society organizations. 108 This lack of support adversely affects the sustainability of such initiatives. V. Best practices: law, policy, concrete measures and development initiatives A. Meaningful participation 81. Programmes are currently being rolled out by civil society organizations in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania to develop forums and structures that enable women with albinism and mothers of children with albinism to share information, access to social and psychosocial support, and carry out joint economic activities. 109 There are also civic spaces for enhancing autonomy and agency by developing both self-advocacy and groupadvocacy skills to enable women and girls impacted by albinism to participate in public decision-making that concerns them.110 82. In the United Republic of Tanzania, a mothers’ group for women impacted by albinism, called Upendo wa Mama (“mothers’ love” in Swahili), empowers its members by giving them a physical space to carry out income-generating activities, nurture solidarity and provide emotional support, especially for women whose children have been attacked or rejected and for mothers experiencing domestic problems. It is a platform for individuals to assert their strength, and helps leaders in the fight to build a better society for persons with albinism in the United Republic of Tanzania, particularly mothers and children impacted by the condition. 111 In 2019, the organization Positive Exposure-Kenya launched a mobile application called “Albinism and I” to demystify albinism and connect people to helpful resources in their area. The organization also provides a skills training programme for women impacted by albinism. 83. Article 6 of the 2017 Constitution of the Junior Council of the United Republic of Tanzania provides for special measures for the inclusion of children with albinism (among other vulnerable groups) in its processes. The Junior Council currently has two children with albinism on its executive committee. 112 Similarly, article 54 (2) of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya provides that at least 5 per cent of the members of elected and appointed public bodies must be persons with disabilities. 113 Consequently, several persons with albinism now hold high positions in the Government and other institutions, including the Senate and the High Court.114 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 16 Submission from Kenya. Submission from Uganda. Submission from Malawi. Submission from Colombia. See https://allafrica.com/stories/201910250107.html and https://positiveexposure.org/our-amazingjayne-waithera-positive-exposure-kenya./. Submission from Kenya. See https://standingvoice.exposure.co/upendo-wa-mama. Submission from United Republic of Tanzania. Submission from Kenya (Government). Ibid.