A/HRC/43/53/Add.1 to climate mitigation and adaptation projects, but they have sometimes been spent in other areas, such as upgrading rural roads. 53. Fiji has abundant renewable energy resources, and recent assessments have shown that a combination of solar, wind, geothermal, marine, biomass and biofuel could be used to meet the islands’ energy needs while decreasing electricity costs, increasing energy access and promoting energy independence. The proportion of electricity generated from renewables in Fiji grew from 56 per cent in 2011 to 67 per cent in 2015, with goals of 80 per cent by 2020 and 100 per cent by 2030. 54. On the smaller islands, solar photovoltaic systems are used to provide access to electricity for inhabitants. The Government installed thousands of solar home systems but hundreds were severely damaged by Tropical Cyclone Winston and are being repaired. The Department of Energy is replacing diesel generators with cyclone-resilient solar electricity systems. The establishment of a Barefoot College has been planned to train women in the installation and maintenance of solar electricity systems and to enhance their entrepreneurial skills. 55. The Special Rapporteur was pleasantly surprised to witness large numbers of fuelefficient hybrid vehicles on the roads in Fiji, largely due to reduced import duties. Public transit in Fiji is currently limited but will be an important area for future investment. 56. Protecting the human rights of the people of Fiji from the adverse impacts of climate change requires action not only by Fiji but by all States, particularly those who historically have been and/or are currently major contributors to climate change. In his 2019 report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur identified a number of essential actions that States must take in order to fulfil the commitments made in the Paris Agreement, including steps to end society’s addiction to fossil fuels, rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, cut back on livestock production, replace deforestation with reforestation, and dramatically scale up financing for mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage (A/74/161). Wealthy countries must fulfil their commitment to mobilize at least US$ 100 billion annually by 2020 to assist vulnerable States such as Fiji. For example, relocating dozens of communities is an expensive process whose costs should not be borne by Fiji but rather by those who caused the problem. 57. Fiji is undoubtedly a global leader in advocating international policies to counter climate change and has developed an impressive array of plans, strategies and policies. However, the Government lacks sufficient technical expertise, human resources and financial capacity to fully implement protective measures. Fiji already devotes a substantial part of its budget (about 10 per cent) to reducing climate risks and preparing for natural disasters. It has been successful in securing funds for numerous projects through the Global Environment Facility. However, proposed mitigation actions could cost US$ 3 billion, while adaptation actions have an estimated cost of US$ 5 billion. The private sector, other Governments and international financial institutions must play key roles in helping Fiji to acquire the financing needed to implement its comprehensive climate mitigation and adaptation plans. E. Clean air 58. Poor air quality can violate the rights to life, health, and a clean and healthy environment, as well as the rights of the child. The Special Rapporteur observed that air quality in Fiji appeared to be generally good, subject to several important exceptions discussed below. Even in the largest city, Suva, air quality usually meets the guidelines of the World Health Organization. 59. However, our modern understanding of air pollution is that adverse health effects occur even when the air appears to be clean. Breathing polluted air causes respiratory illnesses, heart disease, stroke, lung cancer and negative birth outcomes (for example, low birth weight). It is estimated that household air pollution causes 383 premature deaths in Fiji annually, while outdoor air pollution causes 286 premature deaths annually. Major sources of air pollution in Fiji include vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, open burning of household waste, agricultural burning, incinerators, cookstoves burning solid fuels (mostly wood), emissions from ships, dust from gravel roads and diesel generators. While rules are in place to address most of these sources, monitoring and enforcement appear to 11