A/HRC/31/68 45. Multiple attacks were launched on the Al-Masakin neighbourhood of Duma. These included attacks on two markets, on 12 and 16 August, and an attack on 10 November that led to the collapse of a building that killed civilians, including a 12-year-old girl. On 30 October, a projectile launched from a ground position hit a market, killing more than 60 people. 46. In the southern governorate of Dar’a, lethal aerial attacks were launched, notably the dropping of barrel bombs from government helicopters, including on 19 November on Sheikh Miskine, and 1 December on Tsil. Continuing bombardments caused civilians to flee to the countryside, where their existence is precarious. 47. Government ground forces in Izra shelled Sheikh Miskine throughout November and December. Approximately 20 civilians were killed in one such shelling on 20 November. On 10 December, another attack caused further civilian casualties. In neither case were military targets targeted. 48. In areas controlled by ISIS, pro-government forces and the coalition led by the United States are conducting air strikes. Without access to the territory to allow examination of fragments of the weaponry used, identifying the party from which the strikes originated is extremely challenging. In Al Mayadin (Dayr az-Zawr), a market was hit in September 2015, causing civilian casualties. No ISIS fighters were present in the market. 49. YPG forces reportedly destroyed some houses in villages in southern Hasakah. In Husseiniya village, where there had been intense clashes with ISIS, satellite imagery showed the razing of houses (see annex III). 50. Anti-government armed groups, using conventional weapons as well as improvised rockets, continued to shell civilian-inhabited areas under the control or perceived to support the Government. The indiscriminate means of the attacks consistently result in civilian casualties and destroy the infrastructure necessary for civilian life. 51. In late August, Jaysh al-Fatah fired hundreds of shells into the besieged Fu’ah and Kafraya from nearby locations. Approximately 18 civilians were killed, including two young children. 52. Nubul and Zahra (Aleppo) also continued to be shelled by anti-government armed groups based in nearby villages. Similarly, government-held neighbourhoods of Damascus city, such as Jaramana, continue to come under regular attack from armed groups. Shelling killed three civilians and destroyed businesses on 19 November. 53. Anti-government armed groups and Jabhat al-Nusra shelled and fired rockets from positions in and around Salma (Latakia) into Latakia city, causing civilian casualties. On 17 August, multiple shells were fired towards the Al-Walid mosque, killing six civilians. On 10 November, multiple rockets hit the university and two hospitals; approximately 35 civilians were killed. 54. Anti-government armed groups, when operating in areas alongside Jabhat al-Nusra, have used improvised explosive devices to bomb civilian areas. On 2 September, an explosion in Al-Hammam square, Latakia city, killed 10 civilians. Two weeks later, car bombs exploded at Fu’ah access points during a heavy mortar attack. 55. ISIS continues to spread terror through its use of suicide bombs and other improvised explosive devices. This means of attack is often employed as the group is pushed out of areas, or by sleeper cells in enemy territory. 56. Following the retreat of ISIS from Tall al-Abyad region (Ar Raqqah) in June, a substantial number of improvised explosive devices reportedly were found throughout towns and villages. One civilian was killed when a device planted in the ground exploded 9