A/HRC/44/27 Bureau had established a public consultative council in which 20 civil society organizations were represented. VI. International cooperation 58. Challenges to integrating human rights into anti-corruption efforts may also arise in the context of international cooperation. Human rights safeguards must be upheld in extradition (article 44 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption) and mutual legal assistance (article 46 of the Convention) requests. In particular, the principle of nonrefoulement must be guaranteed.15 It prohibits States from extraditing a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be at risk of irreparable harm, including persecution, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, flagrant denial of the right to a fair trial or the death penalty. 59. Challenges can also arise in the context of article 50 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which deals with special investigative techniques such as the use of controlled delivery, electronic or other forms of surveillance and undercover operations. The Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, in its resolution 8/2, approved the set of non-binding recommendations and conclusions based on lessons learned regarding the implementation of chapters III and IV of the Convention. Among the good practices identified was the wide use and application of special investigative techniques in corruption cases both domestically and internationally, in accordance with the protection of fundamental rights (CAC/COSP/2019/3). 60. Several submissions included information on bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements on countering corruption. Ecuador, for example, referred to a memorandum of understanding it had signed with Chile. Moreover, Ecuador had established a commission of international experts against corruption. 61. El Salvador said it had signed an agreement of cooperation with the Organization of American States on an advance mission for the establishment of an international commission against impunity in El Salvador. The commission, once established, would support, strengthen and collaborate with the institutions of El Salvador charged with preventing and investigating acts of corruption and other related crimes and for punishing those responsible. 62. Several submissions referred to cooperation with international organizations and the ratification of international instruments against corruption, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, the Economic Community of West African States Protocol on the Fight against Corruption, the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and its Additional Protocol, the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the Inter-American Convention against Corruption. Submissions also highlighted the importance of implementing the recommendations of implementation review mechanisms such as the Group of States against Corruption, the Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Implementation Review Group of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption. El Salvador, for example, highlighted that the proposals for reforming its Penal Code, its Criminal Procedure Code and the law on the criminal responsibility of legal entities for the commission of crimes had been made in follow-up to its reviews of chapters III and IV of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Others drew attention to the importance of technical assistance from and cooperation with specialized organizations such as UNODC. The European Union reported on the establishment of a European public prosecutor’s office charged with investigating and prosecuting for crimes such as fraud, corruption and money-laundering affecting the European Union budget in the 22 participating member States. The European Union also referred to its anti-corruption experience-sharing programme, which offered anti-corruption practitioners a forum to seek 15 12 See, for example, article 3 of the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.