A/HRC/31/58 20. The basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for victims of trafficking in persons6 add the supplementary angle of guarantees of non-repetition, which require that perpetrators be effectively sanctioned and that the root causes of trafficking, such as poverty, gender inequality and discrimination, be addressed effectively. 21. At the regional level, several instruments call for the prevention and prohibition of the sexual exploitation of children and thus entail the sanctioning of offenders. This is the case of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (art. 27), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution (art. 3), the Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors (art. 7) and the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (chaps. 2, 5 and 6). Further protection is offered, as detailed below, by that Council of Europe Convention and in the explanatory report thereto, specific guidance on sanctions is given. The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings is also noteworthy as it specifically addresses the demand factor (art. 6) by providing that States parties shall adopt preventive measures such as research, awareness-raising and education programmes. C. Demand for the sexual exploitation of children 22. In the present report, demand encompasses both the individual offenders who pay, financially or in kind, for sexual services involving children, sexually abusing them in the process, and the social, cultural, gender and institutional constructs that create an environment in which the sexual exploitation of children is either ignored, tolerated or even accepted. Those who service the demand are intrinsically linked to the sexual exploitation of children and are thus included in the definition. 23. The use of the term “demand” is closely related to economics terminology as the sexual exploitation of children and the provision of such services are driven by the objective of making a profit, be it financial, social or political. However, economics terminology should never obscure the violation of the rights of children, and the use of related terms such as “clients” must be rejected. The economics analogy is also relevant in the sense that if the demand is stemmed, the offer will correlatively decrease. Addressing the demand factor is consequently an effective way to eradicate the sexual exploitation of children. Preventing and deterring the harm from happening in the first place is costeffective.7 24. For the purpose of the present study, a theoretical model has been developed. It is composed of three levels of demand, namely the immediate, intermediate and underlying levels. The theoretical model facilitates the inclusion and classification of all those who are involved in the sexual exploitation of children from the demand side. Common understanding of the demand is often limited to those who directly exploit and abuse children, with little consideration for those who aid and abet in the commission of such crimes or contribute to the enabling environment. 1. Immediate level 25. The immediate level of demand for the sexual exploitation of children covers those who directly exploit children, such as purchasers of commercial sexual acts with children or of child sexual abuse material. They are normally individual offenders whose objective is to 6 7 6 See A/HRC/26/18, annex. See A/68/275, para. 8.